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Introduction Destination: flink1 Item: Title: 2. Materials and methods Destination: flink2 Children: Item: Title: 2.1. Study area Destination: slink1 Item: Title: 2.2. Forest inventory data Destination: slink2 Item: Title: 2.3. Forest functional types Destination: slink3 Item: Title: 2.4. Old-growthness attributes Destination: slink4 Children: Item: Title: 2.4.1. Basal area of large trees (BAL) Destination: tlink5 Item: Title: 2.4.2. Number of DBH classes (nDBH) Destination: tlink6 Item: Title: 2.4.3. Number of height classes (nHt) Destination: tlink7 Item: Title: 2.4.4. Volume of standing deadwood (Vsd) Destination: tlink8 Item: Title: 2.4.5. Basal area of trees with microhabitats (BAm) Destination: tlink9 Item: Title: 2.4.6. Number of shade-tolerant species (nShTS) Destination: tlink10 Item: Title: 2.5. Factors influencing forest old-growthness Destination: slink11 Children: Item: Title: 2.5.1. Climate and topographic variables Destination: tlink12 Item: Title: 2.5.2. Landscape variables Destination: tlink13 Item: Title: 2.5.3. Anthropic variables Destination: tlink14 Item: Title: 2.6. Statistical analyses Destination: slink15 Item: Title: 3. Results Destination: flink3 Children: Item: Title: 3.1. Spatial patterns of forest old-growthness in Spain Destination: slink16 Item: Title: 3.2. Differences in the indicators across forest functional types Destination: slink17 Item: Title: 3.3. Factors influencing forest old-growthness Destination: slink18 Item: Title: 4. Discussion Destination: flink4 Children: Item: Title: 4.1. Spatial patterns of forest old-growthness in Spain Destination: slink19 Item: Title: 4.2. Factors influencing forest old-growthness Destination: slink20 Item: Title: Funding Destination: flink5 Item: Title: CRediT authorship contribution statement Destination: flink6 Item: Title: Declaration of competing interest Destination: creditlink2 Item: Title: Acknowledgements Destination: aclink3 Item: Title: Appendix A. 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875 FontFile3: true Encoding: WinAnsiEncoding Font: BaseFont: GKDOIJ+AdvOTb0c9bf5d FontSubset: true FirstChar: 46 LastChar: 169 FontDescriptor: FontName: GKDOIJ+AdvOTb0c9bf5d Flags: Nonsymbolic FontBBox: -62, -208, 927, 958 FontFile3: true Encoding: WinAnsiEncoding XMP: application/pdf doi:10.1016/j.fecs.2024.100281 Factors shaping the distribution of old-growthness attributes in the forests of Spain Adrià Cos Javier Retana Jordi Vayreda Old-growth forests Forest old-growthness Forest old-growthness attributes Spanish national forest inventory Forest functional types Spain Forest Ecosystems, 12 (2025) 100281. doi:10.1016/j.fecs.2024.100281 The Authors journal Forest Ecosystems © 2024 The Authors. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co. 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