1ea7d7566330e1d8f4b0cdde4837e1c9 335917.pdf ef754060edfa4d25c89dce82abc2908946f6ee70 335917.pdf c0b670f65e188ca17c31f62b30541a49ec1adb1377da4eb21c31bc6686107e90 335917.pdf Title: Ultrasound-Based Assessment of Posterior Vitreous Detachment in Healthy Eyes: Clinical and Biometric Factors Associated with More Advanced PVD Subject: Background/Objectives: Posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) is an age-related physiological process, yet the clinical and biometric factors influencing its progression remain incompletely characterized in adults undergoing routine ophthalmic evaluation at a tertiary center. Characterizing expected vitreous patterns is essential for interpreting vitreoretinal interface changes in disease. This study aimed to identify independent clinical and biometric factors associated with more advanced PVD stages in adults without macular pathology. Methods: In this cross-sectional observational study, 340 eyes from 198 consecutive adults undergoing routine ophthalmological evaluation at a tertiary hospital (March 2022–April 2023) were analyzed. Eyes with current or past macular disease were excluded. Demographic variables, systemic comorbidities and ocular history were recorded. Axial length was measured using optical biometry IOLMaster 700 (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany). Vitreous status was assessed with 10-MHz B-scan ultrasonography and classified as no PVD, partial PVD or complete PVD. Analyses were performed at the eye level. Given its cross-sectional design, this study evaluates associations and cannot establish causal relationships. Bivariate comparisons examined associations between clinical variables and PVD grade. Multivariable modeling was conducted using a clustered generalized estimating equations (GEE) ordinal logit model as the primary analysis, and a secondary independent-eye ordinal logistic regression model was used to evaluate the proportional-odds assumption and model robustness. Results: Mean age was 55.6 18.3 years, and 68.5% of eyes were from female participants. No PVD, partial PVD and complete PVD were present in 30.9%, 43.5% and 25.6% of eyes, respectively. In the primary GEE model, axial length (OR 1.35; p < 0.001), systemic hypertension (OR 7.13; p < 0.001), and prior cataract surgery (OR 2.13; p = 0.020) were independently associated with more advanced PVD stages. Age showed a modest but significant association with increasing PVD severity (OR 1.03; p = 0.012). Sex and diabetes mellitus were not associated with PVD grade. The independent-eye ordinal model yielded consistent effect directions. Conclusions: In adults without macular disease, more advanced PVD stages are independently associated with axial elongation, systemic hypertension, and previous cataract surgery, while age shows a mild but significant association. These findings provide clinically useful contextual reference information for interpreting vitreoretinal interface changes in health and disease. These associations should not be interpreted as causal due to the cross-sectional nature of the study. Keywords: posterior vitreous detachment; vitreous; B-scan ultrasound; axial length; hypertension; cross-sectional study Author: Cristina Rodriguez-Vidal, Nerea M. Alday, María José Blanco Teijeiro and Manuel Bande Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25; modified using OpenPDF 1.4.2 CreationDate: Thu Dec 4 07:50:42 2025 CET ModDate: Thu Dec 4 07:54:51 2025 CET Custom Metadata: yes Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 13 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 680260 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- VMIITT+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 114 0 QQCPTR+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 115 0 YGLOGE+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 116 0 BTFZDJ+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 117 0 PNFDNA+Arial TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 157 0 PNFCPO+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 158 0 PNFECP+TimesNewRoman TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 159 0 RFECCF+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 183 0 WBVKDJ+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 197 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2026-09-18 04:27:11 CEST RepresentationInformation: 335917.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2026-09-17 12:52:50 CEST Size: 680260 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 334 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: ViewerPreferences: HideToolbar: false HideMenubar: false HideWindowUI: false FitWindow: true CenterWindow: false DisplayDocTitle: false NonFullScreenPageMode: UseNone Direction: L2R ViewArea: CropBox ViewClip: CropBox PrintArea: CropBox PageClip: CropBox PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Item: Title: Materials and Methods Children: Item: Title: Study Design Item: Title: Setting and Ethics Item: Title: Participants Item: Title: Sample Size Justification Item: Title: Variables and Procedures Item: Title: Ultrasound-Based Assessment of PVD Item: Title: Ultrasound Image Evaluation Item: Title: Unit of Analysis Item: Title: Statistical Analysis Item: Title: Results Children: Item: Title: Descriptive Analysis Item: Title: Demographic and Clinical Comparison Item: Title: Multivariate Analysis Item: Title: Discussion Item: Title: Conclusions Item: Title: References Info: Title: Ultrasound-Based Assessment of Posterior Vitreous Detachment in Healthy Eyes: Clinical and Biometric Factors Associated with More Advanced PVD Author: Cristina Rodriguez-Vidal, Nerea M. Alday, María José Blanco Teijeiro and Manuel Bande Subject: Background/Objectives: Posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) is an age-related physiological process, yet the clinical and biometric factors influencing its progression remain incompletely characterized in adults undergoing routine ophthalmic evaluation at a tertiary center. Characterizing expected vitreous patterns is essential for interpreting vitreoretinal interface changes in disease. This study aimed to identify independent clinical and biometric factors associated with more advanced PVD stages in adults without macular pathology. Methods: In this cross-sectional observational study, 340 eyes from 198 consecutive adults undergoing routine ophthalmological evaluation at a tertiary hospital (March 2022–April 2023) were analyzed. Eyes with current or past macular disease were excluded. Demographic variables, systemic comorbidities and ocular history were recorded. Axial length was measured using optical biometry IOLMaster 700 (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany). Vitreous status was assessed with 10-MHz B-scan ultrasonography and classified as no PVD, partial PVD or complete PVD. Analyses were performed at the eye level. Given its cross-sectional design, this study evaluates associations and cannot establish causal relationships. Bivariate comparisons examined associations between clinical variables and PVD grade. Multivariable modeling was conducted using a clustered generalized estimating equations (GEE) ordinal logit model as the primary analysis, and a secondary independent-eye ordinal logistic regression model was used to evaluate the proportional-odds assumption and model robustness. Results: Mean age was 55.6 18.3 years, and 68.5% of eyes were from female participants. No PVD, partial PVD and complete PVD were present in 30.9%, 43.5% and 25.6% of eyes, respectively. In the primary GEE model, axial length (OR 1.35; p < 0.001), systemic hypertension (OR 7.13; p < 0.001), and prior cataract surgery (OR 2.13; p = 0.020) were independently associated with more advanced PVD stages. Age showed a modest but significant association with increasing PVD severity (OR 1.03; p = 0.012). Sex and diabetes mellitus were not associated with PVD grade. The independent-eye ordinal model yielded consistent effect directions. Conclusions: In adults without macular disease, more advanced PVD stages are independently associated with axial elongation, systemic hypertension, and previous cataract surgery, while age shows a mild but significant association. These findings provide clinically useful contextual reference information for interpreting vitreoretinal interface changes in health and disease. These associations should not be interpreted as causal due to the cross-sectional nature of the study. 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