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Microbiol. 16:1718190. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1718190 Keywords: nanoplastic; microplastic; pathogen; infection; human Author: Iris Romero-Andrada Creator: LaTeX with hyperref package + hypdvips Producer: pikepdf 9.10.2 CreationDate: Mon Dec 8 06:37:47 2025 CET ModDate: Mon Dec 8 09:14:18 2025 CET Custom Metadata: yes Metadata Stream: yes Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 5 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.26 x 842.116 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 2295035 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.5 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- JFEDII+MuseoSans-700 Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 49 0 JFEDIJ+MuseoSans-300 Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 52 0 JFEDOI+MuseoSans-300Italic Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 55 0 JFEDOJ+MinionPro-Regular Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 58 0 JFEDPJ+MuseoSans-500 Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 61 0 JFEEBJ+MinionPro-It Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 64 0 JFEFMA+MTGU Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 298 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2026-09-23 04:05:08 CEST RepresentationInformation: 336287.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2026-09-22 14:43:02 CEST Size: 2295035 Format: PDF Version: 1.5 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 0 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: ViewerPreferences: HideToolbar: false HideMenubar: false HideWindowUI: false FitWindow: true CenterWindow: false DisplayDocTitle: false NonFullScreenPageMode: UseNone Direction: L2R ViewArea: CropBox ViewClip: CropBox PrintArea: CropBox PageClip: CropBox PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseOutlines Language: en Outlines: Item: Title: What is the micro- and nanoplastics impact on pathogenic microorganisms? Destination: ariclecounter.1 Children: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section*.2 Item: Title: MNPLs and bacterial communities Destination: section*.3 Item: Title: MNPLs—microorganisms' interactions Destination: section*.4 Item: Title: MNPLs and infection Destination: section*.5 Item: Title: Conclusion Destination: section*.6 Item: Title: Author contributions Destination: section*.7 Item: Title: Funding Destination: section*.8 Item: Title: Conflict of interest Destination: section*.9 Item: Title: Generative AI statement Destination: section*.10 Item: Title: Publisher's note Destination: section*.11 Item: Title: References Destination: section*.12 Filters: FilterPipeline: DCTDecode Images: Image: NisoImageMetadata: FormatName: image/jpg CompressionScheme: JPEG ImageWidth: 4028 ImageHeight: 1868 BitsPerSample: 8 BitsPerSampleUnit: integer Intent: RelativeColorimetric Interpolate: true Fonts: Type1: Font: BaseFont: JFEEBJ+MinionPro-It FontSubset: true FirstChar: 44 LastChar: 122 FontDescriptor: FontName: JFEEBJ+MinionPro-It Flags: Serif, Symbolic, Italic FontBBox: -201, -360, 1684, 919 FontFile3: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: JFEDII+MuseoSans-700 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 117 FontDescriptor: FontName: JFEDII+MuseoSans-700 Flags: Symbolic, ForceBold FontBBox: -125, -210, 1126, 902 FontFile3: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: JFEDIJ+MuseoSans-300 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 243 FontDescriptor: FontName: JFEDIJ+MuseoSans-300 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -118, -210, 1088, 883 FontFile3: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: JFEDOI+MuseoSans-300Italic FontSubset: true FirstChar: 46 LastChar: 121 FontDescriptor: FontName: JFEDOI+MuseoSans-300Italic Flags: Symbolic, Italic, ForceBold FontBBox: -245, -210, 1030, 883 FontFile3: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: JFEDOJ+MinionPro-Regular FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 241 FontDescriptor: FontName: JFEDOJ+MinionPro-Regular Flags: Serif, Symbolic FontBBox: -289, -360, 1684, 917 FontFile3: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: JFEFMA+MTGU FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 181 FontDescriptor: FontName: JFEFMA+MTGU Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: 24, -213, 839, 683 FontFile3: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: JFEDPJ+MuseoSans-500 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 237 FontDescriptor: FontName: JFEDPJ+MuseoSans-500 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -121, -210, 1088, 892 FontFile3: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true XMP: application/pdf Iris Romero-Andrada Alba Hernández-Bonilla Jose Domı́nguez Alicia Lacoma Romero-Andrada I, Hernández-Bonilla A, Domı́nguez J and Lacoma A (2025) What is the micro- and nanoplastics impact on pathogenic microorganisms? Front. Microbiol. 16:1718190. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1718190 What is the micro- and nanoplastics impact on pathogenic microorganisms? Copyright © 2025 Romero-Andrada, Hernández-Bonilla, Dom'inguez and Lacoma. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. nanoplastic microplastic pathogen infection human 2025-12-08T10:37:47+05:00 LaTeX with hyperref package + hypdvips 2025-12-08T13:44:18+05:30 2025-12-08T13:44:18+05:30 pikepdf 9.10.2 nanoplastic; microplastic; pathogen; infection; human uuid:c69ce5d9-c41b-46ca-bcb8-578d8931fc95 uuid:0a7ab551-01af-4095-8c4a-de6cfc2f5cc6 True https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/copyright-statement Copyright © 2025 Romero-Andrada, Hernández-Bonilla, Dom'inguez and Lacoma. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. 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