e3c035981c7c38eab47dc6ccd5cbdf9b Sex_Differences_in_Mental_Health-RelatedWork_Incapacity.pdf 309574515df911300d1793a99ef7e034a1259e32 Sex_Differences_in_Mental_Health-RelatedWork_Incapacity.pdf ae1b2913af9f252cef3028136d32ebe3000333b4690518f80c2e2961286c03f2 Sex_Differences_in_Mental_Health-RelatedWork_Incapacity.pdf Title: Sex Differences in Mental Health-Related Work Incapacity Across Occupational Sectors During the COVID-19 Lockdown in Spain Subject: Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated mental health challenges across occupational sectors, disproportionately affecting workers in essential and public-facing roles. Objectives: This study ai to identify the occupational sectors in Spain most affected by mental health-related Temporary Work Incapacity due to Common Contingencies during the first COVID-19 lookdown (14 March–21 June 2020) to examine sex-based differences and to analyze the associate economic burden. Methods: A descriptive, retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using data from salaried workers affiliated with Asepeyo, a major Social Security mutual insurance provider in Spain. The sample comprised 5135 workers granted Temporary Work Incapacity due to mental health diagnoses during the lockdown period. Variables analyzed included sex, age, ICD-10 diagnosis, occupational sector, duration of medically certified leave, and estimated direct economic cost. A focused subsample of 2123 workers from the ten most affected sectors was also examined. Results: Generalized Anxiety Disorder was the most prevalent diagnosis (69.17%), followed by adjustment disorders and depressive episodes. Women accounted for 63.5% of the total sample and 80.6% of the most affected sectors, which included elderly care, retail, education, cleaning, and healthcare. The average cost per episode was EUR 2465.7, with longer leave durations observed in sectors characterized by high emotional and social exposure. Conclusions: Mental health-related disorders during the COVID-19 lockdown revealed marked sex-based disparities and sectoral vulnerabilities. Public-facing and care-related occupations experienced a disproportionate burden. These findings support the need to recognize certain mental health conditions as occupational diseases to develop targeted, gender-informed workplace mental health strategies. Keywords: mental health; COVID-19; temporary work incapacity; occupational sector; sex Author: Eva María Gutiérrez Naharro, Amalia Sillero Sillero, José Antonio Ponce Blandón and José Fernández Sáez Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25 CreationDate: Wed May 14 05:34:48 2025 CEST ModDate: Wed May 14 05:38:27 2025 CEST Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 15 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 1435142 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- SSXPJJ+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 10 0 JFWLTL+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 16 0 SUIBIQ+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 22 0 NAWITO+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 27 0 LRTYNE+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 53 0 FPWUHP+PalatinoLinotype,Italic CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 75 0 FPWUHP+PalatinoLinotype,Bold CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 81 0 FPZWMO+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 87 0 FPWUHP+PalatinoLinotype,Italic CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 103 0 FPWUHP+PalatinoLinotype,Bold CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 109 0 FPZWMO+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 115 0 UJUUJI+PazoMath Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 127 0 FPWUHP+PalatinoLinotype,Italic CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 137 0 FPWUHP+PalatinoLinotype,Bold CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 143 0 FPZWMO+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 149 0 WBVKDJ+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 160 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2026-09-26 04:02:45 CEST RepresentationInformation: Sex_Differences_in_Mental_Health-RelatedWork_Incapacity.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2026-09-25 05:48:00 CEST Size: 1435142 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 333 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: section.2 Children: Item: Title: Design and Setting Destination: subsection.2.1 Item: Title: Study Population and Sample Destination: subsection.2.2 Item: Title: Procedure and Data Collection Destination: subsection.2.3 Item: Title: Occupational Sector Classification Destination: subsection.2.4 Item: Title: Statistical Analysis Destination: subsection.2.5 Item: Title: Ethical Considerations Destination: subsection.2.6 Item: Title: Results Destination: section.3 Children: Item: Title: General Overview of the Total MCSS Asepeyo Population Destination: subsection.3.1 Item: Title: Prevalent Diagnoses of Mental Health Destination: subsection.3.2 Item: Title: Sociodemographic and Economic Profile of the Most Affected Sectors Destination: subsection.3.3 Item: Title: Occupational Sector Distribution by Sex Destination: subsection.3.4 Item: Title: Sex-Based Differences in Mental Health Diagnoses, Leave Duration, and Economic Impact Destination: subsection.3.5 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: section.4 Children: Item: Title: Strengths and Limitations Destination: subsection.4.1 Item: Title: Implications for Practice Destination: subsection.4.2 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.5 Item: Title: References Destination: section.6 Info: Title: Sex Differences in Mental Health-Related Work Incapacity Across Occupational Sectors During the COVID-19 Lockdown in Spain Author: Eva María Gutiérrez Naharro, Amalia Sillero Sillero, José Antonio Ponce Blandón and José Fernández Sáez Subject: Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated mental health challenges across occupational sectors, disproportionately affecting workers in essential and public-facing roles. Objectives: This study ai to identify the occupational sectors in Spain most affected by mental health-related Temporary Work Incapacity due to Common Contingencies during the first COVID-19 lookdown (14 March 21 June 2020) to examine sex-based differences and to analyze the associate economic burden. Methods: A descriptive, retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using data from salaried workers affiliated with Asepeyo, a major Social Security mutual insurance provider in Spain. The sample comprised 5135 workers granted Temporary Work Incapacity due to mental health diagnoses during the lockdown period. Variables analyzed included sex, age, ICD-10 diagnosis, occupational sector, duration of medically certified leave, and estimated direct economic cost. A focused subsample of 2123 workers from the ten most affected sectors was also examined. Results: Generalized Anxiety Disorder was the most prevalent diagnosis (69.17%), followed by adjustment disorders and depressive episodes. Women accounted for 63.5% of the total sample and 80.6% of the most affected sectors, which included elderly care, retail, education, cleaning, and healthcare. The average cost per episode was EUR 2465.7, with longer leave durations observed in sectors characterized by high emotional and social exposure. Conclusions: Mental health-related disorders during the COVID-19 lockdown revealed marked sex-based disparities and sectoral vulnerabilities. Public-facing and care-related occupations experienced a disproportionate burden. These findings support the need to recognize certain mental health conditions as occupational diseases to develop targeted, gender-informed workplace mental health strategies. 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