966653ef63e464d803f39a9858f7ca9c Farmers_hold_diverse_and_connected_values_towards_crops.pdf aa422ac0ad99ce7846cd33e2c4f6ae92c597c3a7 Farmers_hold_diverse_and_connected_values_towards_crops.pdf 36f1c5a209f964413d2c56d8f6408bb4f8cf42e78bbd60def1ed6074cea928c3 Farmers_hold_diverse_and_connected_values_towards_crops.pdf Title: Farmers hold diverse and connected values towards crops Subject: DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgaf390; PNAS Nexus, 4, 12, 2025-12-19.; Abstract: Considerations of yield and profit often drive decision-making in agriculture, but these are not the only values farmers ascribe to crops. Recognizing the multiple values farmers use to choose crops and their management holds potential as a leverage point for sustainable transformations. To assess the diversity of values attributed by farmers towards individual crops, mixes of crops, and agroecosystems, we conducted a literature review of 125 studies published between 2010 and 2022. We analyzed 1,716 unique reports of value ascribed by farmers to 135 crop species across 67 countries and 20 agroecosystems. Farmers' values towards crops are diverse and connect economic, agronomic, social, cultural, and ecological dimensions of agriculture. While yield and profit are the values most frequently reported by farmers, social and cultural values, such as identity and cultural preferences, are also often considered as vitally important. Although most reviewed studies examined smallholder farmers and values assigned to single crops, results indicate that values vary across farm size and market orientation and across crop types. We also show that external forces, such as markets, policies, and climate change, interact with farmers' values to influence their management of crops. Finally, this review shows that researchers in different disciplines highlight different values, and that the complexity underpinning farmers' decisions about crops can be enlightened by interdisciplinary approaches. The article thus supports and extends the recommendation of IPBES to integrate diverse values linking farmers and crops into research and policy. Keywords: agroecosystems; crops; human–nature relationships; local knowledge; values Author: Marilou Demongeot Creator: Servigistics Arbortext Advanced Print Publisher 11.1.4546/W-x64 Producer: PDFlib+PDI 9.0.7p3 (C++/Win64); modified using iTextSharp.LGPLv2.Core 3.7.4.0 CreationDate: Fri Dec 26 08:29:22 2025 CET ModDate: Wed Jan 7 14:56:35 2026 CET Custom Metadata: yes Metadata Stream: yes Tagged: yes UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 10 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 782.362 pts Page rot: 0 File size: 2476796 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.6 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- EAZBZI+CaeciliaLTStd-LightItalic Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 33 0 UOAUAW+CaeciliaLTStd-Light Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 30 0 PSQLHU+CaeciliaLTStd-Bold Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 29 0 IJCJVQ+CaeciliaLTStd-Heavy Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 31 0 LPGXVC+STIXGeneral-Regular Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 32 0 CBUEWZ+ArialMT TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 1 0 Helvetica-Bold Type 1 Custom no no no 57 0 JMDUKE+TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 75 0 Helvetica-Bold Type 1 Custom no no no 79 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2026-01-09 03:11:37 CET RepresentationInformation: Farmers_hold_diverse_and_connected_values_towards_crops.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2026-01-08 04:56:47 CET Size: 2476796 Format: PDF Version: 1.6 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf Profile: Tagged PDF PDFMetadata: Objects: 869 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: ViewerPreferences: HideToolbar: false HideMenubar: false HideWindowUI: false FitWindow: false CenterWindow: false DisplayDocTitle: true NonFullScreenPageMode: UseNone Direction: L2R ViewArea: CropBox ViewClip: CropBox PrintArea: CropBox PageClip: CropBox PageLayout: OneColumn PageMode: UseOutlines Language: en Outlines: Item: Title: Farmers hold diverse and connected values towards crops Destination: head1 Children: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: secpgaf390-s1 Item: Title: Results Destination: secpgaf390-s2 Children: Item: Title: Farmers' values ascribed to crops are diverse Destination: secpgaf390-s2.1 Item: Title: Farmers' values ascribed to crops are connected Destination: secpgaf390-s2.2 Item: Title: Values vary across farming systems and crop types Destination: secpgaf390-s2.3 Item: Title: Values reported relate to studies' academic field Destination: secpgaf390-s2.4 Item: Title: Values interact with contextual factors in crop choice Destination: secpgaf390-s2.5 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: secpgaf390-s3 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: secpgaf390-s4 Item: Title: Materials and methods Destination: secpgaf390-s5 Children: Item: Title: Analyses Destination: secpgaf390-s5.1 Item: Title: Acknowledgments Destination: acknow Item: Title: Supplementary Material Destination: secpgaf390-s6 Item: Title: Funding Destination: secpgaf390-s7 Item: Title: Author Contributions Destination: secpgaf390-s8 Item: Title: Data Availability Destination: secpgaf390-s9 Item: Title: References Destination: reflist Info: Title: Farmers hold diverse and connected values towards crops Author: Marilou Demongeot Subject: DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgaf390; PNAS Nexus, 4, 12, 2025-12-19.; Abstract: Considerations of yield and profit often drive decision-making in agriculture, but these are not the only values farmers ascribe to crops. Recognizing the multiple values farmers use to choose crops and their management holds potential as a leverage point for sustainable transformations. To assess the diversity of values attributed by farmers towards individual crops, mixes of crops, and agroecosystems, we conducted a literature review of 125 studies published between 2010 and 2022. We analyzed 1,716 unique reports of value ascribed by farmers to 135 crop species across 67 countries and 20 agroecosystems. Farmers' values towards crops are diverse and connect economic, agronomic, social, cultural, and ecological dimensions of agriculture. While yield and profit are the values most frequently reported by farmers, social and cultural values, such as identity and cultural preferences, are also often considered as vitally important. Although most reviewed studies examined smallholder farmers and values assigned to single crops, results indicate that values vary across farm size and market orientation and across crop types. We also show that external forces, such as markets, policies, and climate change, interact with farmers' values to influence their management of crops. Finally, this review shows that researchers in different disciplines highlight different values, and that the complexity underpinning farmers' decisions about crops can be enlightened by interdisciplinary approaches. The article thus supports and extends the recommendation of IPBES to integrate diverse values linking farmers and crops into research and policy. Keywords: agroecosystems; crops; human nature relationships; local knowledge; values Creator: Servigistics Arbortext Advanced Print Publisher 11.1.4546/W-x64 Producer: PDFlib+PDI 9.0.7p3 (C++/Win64); modified using iTextSharp.LGPLv2.Core 3.7.4.0 CreationDate: Fri Dec 26 08:59:22 CET 2025 ModDate: Wed Jan 07 14:56:35 CET 2026 ID: 0x22ba00daeb2cf3529ce5ddd1cbfd58b9, 0x449890fbfafa9f98c1af62139bc3810a Filters: FilterPipeline: FlateDecode Fonts: Type0: Font: BaseFont: JMDUKE+TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT Encoding: Identity-H ToUnicode: true Type1: Font: BaseFont: LPGXVC+STIXGeneral-Regular FontSubset: true FirstChar: 1 LastChar: 7 FontDescriptor: FontName: LPGXVC+STIXGeneral-Regular Flags: Nonsymbolic FontBBox: -995, -455, 2000, 1055 FontFile3: true EncodingDictionary: BaseEncoding: WinAnsiEncoding Differences: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: EAZBZI+CaeciliaLTStd-LightItalic FontSubset: true FirstChar: 1 LastChar: 54 FontDescriptor: FontName: EAZBZI+CaeciliaLTStd-LightItalic Flags: Nonsymbolic, Italic FontBBox: -166, -267, 1033, 909 FontFile3: true EncodingDictionary: BaseEncoding: WinAnsiEncoding Differences: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: PSQLHU+CaeciliaLTStd-Bold FontSubset: true FirstChar: 1 LastChar: 48 FontDescriptor: FontName: PSQLHU+CaeciliaLTStd-Bold Flags: Nonsymbolic, ForceBold FontBBox: -166, -273, 1141, 938 FontFile3: true EncodingDictionary: BaseEncoding: WinAnsiEncoding Differences: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: UOAUAW+CaeciliaLTStd-Light FontSubset: true FirstChar: 1 LastChar: 95 FontDescriptor: FontName: UOAUAW+CaeciliaLTStd-Light Flags: Nonsymbolic FontBBox: -164, -266, 1130, 908 FontFile3: true EncodingDictionary: BaseEncoding: WinAnsiEncoding Differences: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: IJCJVQ+CaeciliaLTStd-Heavy FontSubset: true FirstChar: 1 LastChar: 33 FontDescriptor: FontName: IJCJVQ+CaeciliaLTStd-Heavy Flags: Nonsymbolic, ForceBold FontBBox: -170, -277, 1146, 970 FontFile3: true EncodingDictionary: BaseEncoding: WinAnsiEncoding Differences: true ToUnicode: true TrueType: Font: BaseFont: CBUEWZ+ArialMT FontSubset: true FirstChar: 32 LastChar: 121 FontDescriptor: FontName: CBUEWZ+ArialMT Flags: Nonsymbolic FontBBox: -664, -324, 2000, 1039 FontFile2: true Encoding: WinAnsiEncoding CIDFontType2: Font: BaseFont: JMDUKE+TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT CIDSystemInfo: Registry: Adobe Registry: Identity Supplement: 0 FontDescriptor: FontName: JMDUKE+TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT Flags: Nonsymbolic, Italic FontBBox: -498, -307, 1333, 1023 FontFile2: true XMP: uuid:1a3ba3d8-599b-4e65-af79-e15b07c1e700 uuid:E6FC83AD-2240-8583-3EF4-5ADEC7133745 True agroecosystems; crops; human–nature relationships; local knowledge; values PDFlib+PDI 9.0.7p3 (C++/Win64); modified using iTextSharp.LGPLv2.Core 3.7.4.0 application/pdf 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgaf390 en Oxford University Press Farmers hold diverse and connected values towards crops Marilou Demongeot Antoine Doncieux Tatiana Cardenas Anna Porcuna-Ferrer Yildiz Aumeeruddy-Thomas Sophie Caillon Jonathan Locqueville Doyle B. McKey Victoria Reyes-García Delphine Renard DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgaf390; PNAS Nexus, 4, 12, 2025-12-19.; Abstract: Considerations of yield and profit often drive decision-making in agriculture, but these are not the only values farmers ascribe to crops. Recognizing the multiple values farmers use to choose crops and their management holds potential as a leverage point for sustainable transformations. To assess the diversity of values attributed by farmers towards individual crops, mixes of crops, and agroecosystems, we conducted a literature review of 125 studies published between 2010 and 2022. We analyzed 1,716 unique reports of value ascribed by farmers to 135 crop species across 67 countries and 20 agroecosystems. Farmers' values towards crops are diverse and connect economic, agronomic, social, cultural, and ecological dimensions of agriculture. While yield and profit are the values most frequently reported by farmers, social and cultural values, such as identity and cultural preferences, are also often considered as vitally important. Although most reviewed studies examined smallholder farmers and values assigned to single crops, results indicate that values vary across farm size and market orientation and across crop types. We also show that external forces, such as markets, policies, and climate change, interact with farmers' values to influence their management of crops. Finally, this review shows that researchers in different disciplines highlight different values, and that the complexity underpinning farmers' decisions about crops can be enlightened by interdisciplinary approaches. The article thus supports and extends the recommendation of IPBES to integrate diverse values linking farmers and crops into research and policy. © The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of National Academy of Sciences. agroecosystems crops human–nature relationships local knowledge values Journal PNAS Nexus © The Author(s) 2025. 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