ef160c1c7b1c36943ffeeb8a2727c78c toxics-13-01083-v2.pdf 3304f18f35dee9f7069cb7e04201c3a9428c7395 toxics-13-01083-v2.pdf c09d3f24e0d4662e51072392ccdca612d736c027f892a1b9f8536fbfa3f4588a toxics-13-01083-v2.pdf Title: Bioaccumulation of Potential Harmful Elements in Fossorial Water Voles Inhabiting Non-Polluted Crops Subject: Although the health risks associated with exposure to potentially harmful elements (PHEs) are well documented, there is still limited research on their accumulation at trace concentrations in small mammals inhabiting agricultural ecosystems. This study provides the first comprehensive assessment of PHE accumulation in fossorial water voles (Arvicola scherman) from two low-input apple orchards (Nava and Oles) located in Asturias, northwestern Spain, demonstrating its value as a potential bioindicator of trace element inputs. We quantified the concentrations of three toxic metals (Pb, Cd, and Hg) and selenium (Se), an element with concentration-dependent toxicity, in kidney, liver, and muscle tissues. We also determined inter-population differences and associations with body condition. Overall, element concentrations generally reflected the natural content of the local soils, except for Cd in the kidney, which exceeded soil levels, highlighting its strong affinity for this organ. Significant differences in Pb, Cd, and Se accumulation were found among tissues, with the kidney showing the highest levels, underscoring the importance of organ-specific monitoring. The observed positive correlations between body condition and Se and Cd in kidney tissue, and Cd in liver tissue, particularly in the Nava population, suggest that individual health status modulates exposure and accumulation dynamics. Higher PHE burdens were found in Oles specimens, pointing to a potential threshold effect where higher contamination may begin to impair physiological condition. In contrast, Hg showed a negative relationship with body condition, suggesting possible adverse effects even in these low-input systems. These findings highlight the importance of carefully interpreting physiological biomarkers within an ecological context and demonstrate the potential for trace elements to propagate through the food web, with possible cascading effects on predator health and key ecosystem services, such as natural pest control. Future research should extend to more contaminated sites and adopt an integrative framework combining biomonitoring, dietary ecology, and stress physiology to better assess the ecological risks posed by trace elements in agroecosystems. Keywords: Arvicola scherman; body condition; non-polluted habitats; cadmium (Cd); lead (Pb); mercury (Hg); selenium (Se) Author: Aitor Somoano, Roser Adalid, Jacint Ventura, Francesc Muñoz-Muñoz, Màrius Vicent Fuentes, Mario Menéndez-Miranda and Marcos Miñarro Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25; modified using OpenPDF 1.4.2 CreationDate: Thu Dec 18 07:52:34 2025 CET ModDate: Fri Dec 19 01:44:33 2025 CET Custom Metadata: yes Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 14 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 1908908 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- YADVJD+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 91 0 DDEPID+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 92 0 WNWTFR+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 93 0 ONLHIE+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 94 0 KEXDIM+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 95 0 IAFQNP+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 223 0 OEJPHG+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 215 0 OEJPHE+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 216 0 CKBPVA+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 277 0 WBVKDJ+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 293 0 OEJPHG+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 271 0 OEJPHE+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 272 0 OEJPHG+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 312 0 OEJPHE+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 313 0 OEJPHG+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 342 0 DOPGYJ+VnURWPalladioL-Italic Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 487 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2026-01-18 03:10:11 CET RepresentationInformation: toxics-13-01083-v2.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2026-01-17 15:39:28 CET Size: 1908908 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 526 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: ViewerPreferences: HideToolbar: false HideMenubar: false HideWindowUI: false FitWindow: true CenterWindow: false DisplayDocTitle: false NonFullScreenPageMode: UseNone Direction: L2R ViewArea: CropBox ViewClip: CropBox PrintArea: CropBox PageClip: CropBox PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Item: Title: Materials and Methods Children: Item: Title: Study Area Item: Title: Tissue Samples Item: Title: Chemical Analysis Item: Title: Statistical Analysis Item: Title: Results Item: Title: Discussion Item: Title: Conclusions Item: Title: References Info: Title: Bioaccumulation of Potential Harmful Elements in Fossorial Water Voles Inhabiting Non-Polluted Crops Author: Aitor Somoano, Roser Adalid, Jacint Ventura, Francesc Muñoz-Muñoz, Màrius Vicent Fuentes, Mario Menéndez-Miranda and Marcos Miñarro Subject: Although the health risks associated with exposure to potentially harmful elements (PHEs) are well documented, there is still limited research on their accumulation at trace concentrations in small mammals inhabiting agricultural ecosystems. This study provides the first comprehensive assessment of PHE accumulation in fossorial water voles (Arvicola scherman) from two low-input apple orchards (Nava and Oles) located in Asturias, northwestern Spain, demonstrating its value as a potential bioindicator of trace element inputs. We quantified the concentrations of three toxic metals (Pb, Cd, and Hg) and selenium (Se), an element with concentration-dependent toxicity, in kidney, liver, and muscle tissues. We also determined inter-population differences and associations with body condition. Overall, element concentrations generally reflected the natural content of the local soils, except for Cd in the kidney, which exceeded soil levels, highlighting its strong affinity for this organ. Significant differences in Pb, Cd, and Se accumulation were found among tissues, with the kidney showing the highest levels, underscoring the importance of organ-specific monitoring. The observed positive correlations between body condition and Se and Cd in kidney tissue, and Cd in liver tissue, particularly in the Nava population, suggest that individual health status modulates exposure and accumulation dynamics. Higher PHE burdens were found in Oles specimens, pointing to a potential threshold effect where higher contamination may begin to impair physiological condition. In contrast, Hg showed a negative relationship with body condition, suggesting possible adverse effects even in these low-input systems. These findings highlight the importance of carefully interpreting physiological biomarkers within an ecological context and demonstrate the potential for trace elements to propagate through the food web, with possible cascading effects on predator health and key ecosystem services, such as natural pest control. Future research should extend to more contaminated sites and adopt an integrative framework combining biomonitoring, dietary ecology, and stress physiology to better assess the ecological risks posed by trace elements in agroecosystems. 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