8da484e4d01024a5e4b38c2e092d9603 pmc_11758293.pdf 7d5cfa2e5be7d6168b65ddc7e26c82b48e616f60 pmc_11758293.pdf 16a306b4dd2a5db63558d0cd2206071cf38c2560dc4ea7c3016d2965f440878b pmc_11758293.pdf Title: Age-Related Changes in Gut Health and Behavioral Biomarkers in a Beagle Dog Population Subject: The gut and the gut microbiome communicate with the nervous system through the gut–brain axis via neuroimmune and neuroendocrine mechanisms. Despite existing research, studies exploring this link in aging dogs are limited. This study aims to examine multiple blood and fecal biomarkers of intestinal health, along with various behavioral indicators based on saliva, blood, observations, and activity, in different age populations (junior: <2 y.o.; adult: 2–7 y.o.; senior: >7 y.o.) of thirty-seven Beagle dogs. In our study, Bacteroides were significantly higher in senior dogs. The relative abundance of Faecalibacterium and Blautia showed age-related trends, higher in senior and junior dogs, respectively. Fecal short-chain fatty acid concentration, especially acetate, increased with age, while propionate was higher in junior dogs. For the behavioral indicators we considered, blood thyroxine concentration, playing, exploring, and total activity were higher in junior dogs. The differences observed between the biomarkers of gut health and behavior, particularly those significant for the age correlations, emphasize the importance of considering age-related factors when studying the gut microbiome and behavior. However, further research is needed to better understand the mechanisms and specific pathways involved in the relationship between the studied biomarkers and age. Keywords: fecal microbiota; behavior; canine; aging; health; nutrition; gut–brain axis Author: Anna Fernández-Pinteño, Rachel Pilla, Jan Suchodolski, Emmanuelle Apper, Celina Torre, Anna Salas-Mani and Xavier Manteca Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25 CreationDate: Thu Jan 16 11:25:12 2025 CET ModDate: Thu Jan 16 11:27:53 2025 CET Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 23 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 571073 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- SSXPJJ+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 10 0 ZICGZX+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 16 0 AXTPKV+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 22 0 TSWMPR+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 27 0 WTPQBM+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 59 0 VVSYYB+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 67 0 MOSBKF+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 81 0 KCOOHE+PalatinoLinotype-Bold CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 95 0 KCPBJJ+PalatinoLinotype-BoldItalic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 101 0 KCOOIE+PalatinoLinotype-Roman CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 104 0 KCOOIF+PalatinoLinotype-Italic CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 110 0 KCOOIG+PalatinoLinotype-Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 116 0 KCOOIH+PalatinoLinotype-Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 119 0 KCOOII+PalatinoLinotype-Roman TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 122 0 KCOPBG+PalatinoLinotype-Roman TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 125 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2025-02-23 02:07:49 CET RepresentationInformation: pmc_11758293.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2025-02-22 02:06:29 CET Size: 571073 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 466 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: section.2 Children: Item: Title: Animals Destination: subsection.2.1 Item: Title: Sample Collection: Feces, Blood, and Saliva Destination: subsection.2.2 Item: Title: Behavioral Observations and Activity Destination: subsection.2.3 Item: Title: Definition of the Study Variables Destination: subsection.2.4 Item: Title: Statistical Analysis Destination: subsection.2.5 Item: Title: Results Destination: section.3 Children: Item: Title: Description of the Dog Cohort Destination: subsection.3.1 Item: Title: Biomarkers of Intestinal Health Destination: subsection.3.2 Children: Item: Title: Quantitative Real-Time PCR and 16S rRNA Sequencing Analysis Destination: subsubsection.3.2.1 Item: Title: Fecal Score, SCFAs, IgA, and cCP Destination: subsubsection.3.2.2 Item: Title: Serum Haptoglobin, C-Reactive Protein, Folate and Cobalamin Destination: subsubsection.3.2.3 Item: Title: Biomarkers of Behavior Destination: subsection.3.3 Item: Title: Behavioral Observations and Activity Destination: subsection.3.4 Item: Title: Correlations Between Intestinal Health Biomarkers and Behavioral Indicators Destination: subsection.3.5 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: section.4 Children: Item: Title: Biomarkers of Intestinal Health Destination: subsection.4.1 Children: Item: Title: Quantitative Real-Time PCR and 16S rRNA Sequencing Analysis Destination: subsubsection.4.1.1 Item: Title: Haptoglobin, C-Reactive Protein, Folate, and Cobalamin Destination: subsubsection.4.1.2 Item: Title: Fecal Consistency, SCFAs, Immunoglobulin A, and Calprotectin Destination: subsubsection.4.1.3 Item: Title: Biomarkers of Behavior Destination: subsection.4.2 Item: Title: Behavioral Observations and Activity Destination: subsection.4.3 Item: Title: Correlations Between Intestinal Health Biomarkers and Behavioral Indicators Destination: subsection.4.4 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.5 Item: Title: References Destination: appendix.A. Info: Title: Age-Related Changes in Gut Health and Behavioral Biomarkers in a Beagle Dog Population Author: Anna Fernández-Pinteño, Rachel Pilla, Jan Suchodolski, Emmanuelle Apper, Celina Torre, Anna Salas-Mani and Xavier Manteca Subject: The gut and the gut microbiome communicate with the nervous system through the gut brain axis via neuroimmune and neuroendocrine mechanisms. Despite existing research, studies exploring this link in aging dogs are limited. This study aims to examine multiple blood and fecal biomarkers of intestinal health, along with various behavioral indicators based on saliva, blood, observations, and activity, in different age populations (junior: <2 y.o.; adult: 2 7 y.o.; senior: >7 y.o.) of thirty-seven Beagle dogs. In our study, Bacteroides were significantly higher in senior dogs. The relative abundance of Faecalibacterium and Blautia showed age-related trends, higher in senior and junior dogs, respectively. Fecal short-chain fatty acid concentration, especially acetate, increased with age, while propionate was higher in junior dogs. For the behavioral indicators we considered, blood thyroxine concentration, playing, exploring, and total activity were higher in junior dogs. The differences observed between the biomarkers of gut health and behavior, particularly those significant for the age correlations, emphasize the importance of considering age-related factors when studying the gut microbiome and behavior. However, further research is needed to better understand the mechanisms and specific pathways involved in the relationship between the studied biomarkers and age. 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