473529b9923524491e1aade620bc3fad pmc_11768427.pdf a2162062455c8184c3404de730adf8ef72b45d38 pmc_11768427.pdf 1975c0fc97fb00c05230321cb5e85e6863594fcb37a42b17af6721d0b01814f6 pmc_11768427.pdf Title: Exploring the Role of Salt Supplementation on Milk Composition, Fatty Acids, and Insulin Response in Lactating Camels Subject: Camel milk is a valuable food source with unique nutritional properties and potential health benefits. This study investigated the influence of high dietary salt on milk composition and fatty acid (FA) profile as well as insulin regulation in dairy camels. Twelve multiparous female camels were used in a crossover design with two treatments: control concentrate (CON; 1.3% salt) and high-salt concentrate (SAL; 3.9% salt). Each period lasted 3 weeks, with camels switched between treatments in the second period. The measured variables included milk yield, milk composition, blood metabolites, and insulin levels in blood and milk. The SAL group exhibited higher (p < 0.01) water consumption. Nevertheless, milk yield and composition (fat, protein, lactose) remained unaffected. Notably, SAL camels had elevated blood insulin levels (p < 0.05) compared to the CON group, suggesting enhanced pancreatic activity possibly driven by osmotic balance changes. Milk FA profiles revealed a reduction in unsaturated fatty acids (UFA, p < 0.04), particularly monounsaturated (MUFA, p < 0.05) and odd-chain fatty acids (OCFA, p < 0.05). Furthermore, lipid quality indices such as the atherogenic index (p < 0.01) and the hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic FA ratio (h/H, p < 0.01) indicated a less favorable milk fat profile in the SAL group. These findings suggest that while moderate salt supplementation may not negatively impact milk yield in dairy camels, it alters both metabolic and milk fat composition variables, with potential implications for the nutritional quality of milk. Keywords: dromedary camel; dietary salt; milk composition; fatty acids; insulin Author: Riyadh S. Aljumaah, Ahmed A. K. Salama, Mutassim M. Abdelrahman, Moez Ayadi, Gerardo Caja, Mohammed A. Alshaikh, Mohammed A. Al-Badwi and Abdulkareem M. Matar Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25 CreationDate: Thu Jan 16 10:53:20 2025 CET ModDate: Thu Jan 16 10:57:12 2025 CET Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 15 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 813201 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- ZHOANP+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 10 0 JFQJMC+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 16 0 VYBAWQ+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 22 0 TSNBTE+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 27 0 QMDDXF+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 56 0 ZXDKIP+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 64 0 SOSTRQ+CMR10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 72 0 WBVKDJ+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 80 0 PCHINN+PalatinoLinotype,BoldItalic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 109 0 PCILCB+Calibri TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 112 0 PCILDC+Calibri,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 115 0 PCHFHK+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 118 0 PCHFIL+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 121 0 PCHFIN+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 124 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2025-02-15 02:45:30 CET RepresentationInformation: pmc_11768427.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2025-02-12 02:32:57 CET Size: 813201 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 311 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: section.2 Children: Item: Title: Animals, Treatments, and Diets Destination: subsection.2.1 Item: Title: Samples, Measurements, and Chemical Analysis Destination: subsection.2.2 Item: Title: Lipid Quality Indices Destination: subsection.2.3 Item: Title: Statistical Analyses Destination: subsection.2.4 Item: Title: Results Destination: section.3 Children: Item: Title: Performance and Milk Production Destination: subsection.3.1 Item: Title: Milk Fatty Acid Profile Destination: subsection.3.2 Item: Title: Transfer Rates of Fatty Acids from Feed to Milk Destination: subsection.3.3 Item: Title: Principal Component Analysis of Fatty Acid Composition of Camel Milk Destination: subsection.3.4 Item: Title: Blood Metabolites Destination: subsection.3.5 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: section.4 Children: Item: Title: Milk Production and Milk Insulin Levels Destination: subsection.4.1 Item: Title: Milk Fatty Acids Destination: subsection.4.2 Item: Title: Blood Metabolites Destination: subsection.4.3 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.5 Item: Title: References Destination: section.6 Info: Title: Exploring the Role of Salt Supplementation on Milk Composition, Fatty Acids, and Insulin Response in Lactating Camels Author: Riyadh S. Aljumaah, Ahmed A. K. Salama, Mutassim M. Abdelrahman, Moez Ayadi, Gerardo Caja, Mohammed A. Alshaikh, Mohammed A. Al-Badwi and Abdulkareem M. Matar Subject: Camel milk is a valuable food source with unique nutritional properties and potential health benefits. This study investigated the influence of high dietary salt on milk composition and fatty acid (FA) profile as well as insulin regulation in dairy camels. Twelve multiparous female camels were used in a crossover design with two treatments: control concentrate (CON; 1.3% salt) and high-salt concentrate (SAL; 3.9% salt). Each period lasted 3 weeks, with camels switched between treatments in the second period. The measured variables included milk yield, milk composition, blood metabolites, and insulin levels in blood and milk. The SAL group exhibited higher (p < 0.01) water consumption. Nevertheless, milk yield and composition (fat, protein, lactose) remained unaffected. Notably, SAL camels had elevated blood insulin levels (p < 0.05) compared to the CON group, suggesting enhanced pancreatic activity possibly driven by osmotic balance changes. Milk FA profiles revealed a reduction in unsaturated fatty acids (UFA, p < 0.04), particularly monounsaturated (MUFA, p < 0.05) and odd-chain fatty acids (OCFA, p < 0.05). Furthermore, lipid quality indices such as the atherogenic index (p < 0.01) and the hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic FA ratio (h/H, p < 0.01) indicated a less favorable milk fat profile in the SAL group. These findings suggest that while moderate salt supplementation may not negatively impact milk yield in dairy camels, it alters both metabolic and milk fat composition variables, with potential implications for the nutritional quality of milk. 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