1c88600777803e628736933553496b4a pmc_11821202.pdf 8cae8ec9e780451d736327aec04c01877860f557 pmc_11821202.pdf 3a94b18ecdb151085a096f4dbec0cbdc7798f103613194a86bef83579c6c49b8 pmc_11821202.pdf Title: Transforming Industrial Maintenance with Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting and NB-IoT: A Case Study in Oil Refinery Applications Subject: Heat-intensive industries (e.g., iron and steel, aluminum, cement) and explosive sectors (e.g., oil and gas, chemical, petrochemical) face challenges in achieving Industry 4.0 goals due to the widespread adoption of industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) technologies. Wireless solutions are favored in large facilities to reduce the costs and complexities of extensive wiring. However, conventional wireless devices powered by lithium batteries have limitations, including reduced lifespan in high-temperature environments and incompatibility with explosive atmospheres, leading to high maintenance costs. This paper presents a novel approach for energy-intensive and explosive industries, which represent over 40% of the gross production revenue (GPR) in several countries. The proposed solution uses residual heat to power ATEX-certified IIoT devices, eliminating the need for batteries and maintenance. These devices are designed for condition monitoring and predictive maintenance of rotating machinery, which is common in industrial settings. The study demonstrates the successful application of this technology, highlighting its potential to reduce costs and improve safety and efficiency in challenging industrial environments. Keywords: energy harvesting; thermoelectricity; LCA; carbon footprint; LoRaWAN; edge computing; NETZERO; energy-intensive industry Author: Raúl Aragonés, Joan Oliver and Carles Ferrer Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25 CreationDate: Fri Jan 24 13:31:24 2025 CET ModDate: Sun Jan 26 11:05:32 2025 CET Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 22 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 8411335 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- MIKRSI+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 10 0 XCHUUX+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 16 0 HLIVDG+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 22 0 DMXMHS+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 27 0 LUVXVU+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 32 0 GIGFZE+CMR10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 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subsection.2.3 Item: Title: Lithium Batteries in Explosive Environments Destination: subsection.2.4 Item: Title: Technological Approach Destination: section.3 Children: Item: Title: InduEye Description Destination: subsection.3.1 Item: Title: Thermoelectric Generator Destination: subsection.3.2 Children: Item: Title: Thermoelectric Model Destination: subsubsection.3.2.1 Item: Title: Peltier Cell Model Using Effective Material Properties Destination: subsubsection.3.2.2 Item: Title: DC/DC Power Converter Destination: subsubsection.3.2.3 Item: Title: Edge Node with NB-IOT Destination: section.4 Children: Item: Title: The Battery-Less IIoT Vibration Monitor Destination: subsection.4.1 Item: Title: Technology Challenges for Wireless IIoT Destination: subsection.4.2 Item: Title: Long-Range Wireless Protocols Comparison Destination: subsection.4.3 Item: Title: Edge-Computing Node Internal Architecture Destination: subsection.4.4 Item: Title: Acquisition and Processing and Communication Flow Destination: subsection.4.5 Item: Title: Cloud Computing Architecture Destination: subsection.4.6 Item: Title: System Deployment Destination: section.5 Children: Item: Title: Thermoelectric Generator Characterization Destination: subsection.5.1 Item: Title: Edge Node Power Characterization Destination: subsection.5.2 Item: Title: Pilot Installation in an Air Compressor Destination: subsection.5.3 Item: Title: Data Representation Destination: subsection.5.4 Item: Title: Related Work Destination: subsection.5.5 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.6 Item: Title: References Destination: section.7 Info: Title: Transforming Industrial Maintenance with Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting and NB-IoT: A Case Study in Oil Refinery Applications Author: Raúl Aragonés, Joan Oliver and Carles Ferrer Subject: Heat-intensive industries (e.g., iron and steel, aluminum, cement) and explosive sectors (e.g., oil and gas, chemical, petrochemical) face challenges in achieving Industry 4.0 goals due to the widespread adoption of industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) technologies. Wireless solutions are favored in large facilities to reduce the costs and complexities of extensive wiring. However, conventional wireless devices powered by lithium batteries have limitations, including reduced lifespan in high-temperature environments and incompatibility with explosive atmospheres, leading to high maintenance costs. This paper presents a novel approach for energy-intensive and explosive industries, which represent over 40% of the gross production revenue (GPR) in several countries. The proposed solution uses residual heat to power ATEX-certified IIoT devices, eliminating the need for batteries and maintenance. These devices are designed for condition monitoring and predictive maintenance of rotating machinery, which is common in industrial settings. The study demonstrates the successful application of this technology, highlighting its potential to reduce costs and improve safety and efficiency in challenging industrial environments. 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