8fb042b130e6ef4232970f13dae64f87 325791.pdf ec58501dfcfe2c80595186fee41923438cce7d50 325791.pdf 89d257b98ef1c9b76762d34d4e55f983f02fa446a52b975bed3d53316cef0c1d 325791.pdf Title: Palmaris Longus Muscle and Its Variations: Ultrasound, Anatomical and Histological Study with Clinical and Surgical Applications Subject: Background/objective: The palmaris longus muscle is a variable and often inconsistent muscle in the anterior compartment of the forearm. This fusiform-shaped muscle originates at the medial epicondyle of the humerus bone following a long and narrow tendon that inserts at the palmar aponeurosis. That tendon is used in reconstructive surgery, and for this reason, detailed information from an ultrasound is used to detect the tendon and the possible variations in the muscle. The present study aimed to investigate the palmaris longus muscle and its variations through ultrasound, anatomical, and histological analysis with clinical and surgical applications. Methods: A total of 72 upper limbs from 33 females and 39 males, 32 right and 40 left, were evaluated in ultrasound, anatomical, and histological studies. The main objective was to prove the existence of the palmaris longus muscle and its variations, as well as to measure the tendon for surgical applications. Results: Ultrasound analysis showed that it is possible to determine the existence of the muscle (76.4%) and its variations (23.6%), as well as its absence (15.3%). The anatomical results proved the ultrasound results. The width of the tendon was between 0.4 and 0.38 mm. by ultrasound and anatomical analysis. Also, normal palmaris longus tendons were not a direct cause of compression of the median nerve. Conclusions: It is important to confirm the existence and possible variations in the palmaris longus muscle and tendon through ultrasound before surgical reconstruction and for clinical diagnostics. Keywords: palmaris longus muscle variations; median nerve relationships; ultrasound Author: Maribel Miguel-Pérez, Angel Muniz Delgado, Sara Ortiz-Miguel, Sandra Lopez-Prades, Juan Carlos Ortiz-Sagristà, Cristina Miralles, Núria Ruiz-Roig, Ingrid Möller, Carlo Martinoli and Albert Pérez-Bellmunt Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25; modified using OpenPDF 1.4.2 CreationDate: Fri Jan 16 03:20:40 2026 CET ModDate: Fri Jan 16 03:29:58 2026 CET Custom Metadata: yes Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 22 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 4171657 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- WNWTFR+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 108 0 AIRHKL+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 109 0 JVPYVM+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 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SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 1358 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: ViewerPreferences: HideToolbar: false HideMenubar: false HideWindowUI: false FitWindow: true CenterWindow: false DisplayDocTitle: false NonFullScreenPageMode: UseNone Direction: L2R ViewArea: CropBox ViewClip: CropBox PrintArea: CropBox PageClip: CropBox PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Item: Title: Materials and Methods Children: Item: Title: Ultrasound Study Item: Title: Anatomical Study Item: Title: Statistical Study Item: Title: Histological Study Item: Title: Results Children: Item: Title: Ultrasound and Anatomical Study Item: Title: Other Variations Item: Title: Histology Study Item: Title: Discussion Item: Title: Conclusions Item: Title: References Info: Title: Palmaris Longus Muscle and Its Variations: Ultrasound, Anatomical and Histological Study with Clinical and Surgical Applications Author: Maribel Miguel-Pérez, Angel Muniz Delgado, Sara Ortiz-Miguel, Sandra Lopez-Prades, Juan Carlos Ortiz-Sagristà, Cristina Miralles, Núria Ruiz-Roig, Ingrid Möller, Carlo Martinoli and Albert Pérez-Bellmunt Subject: Background/objective: The palmaris longus muscle is a variable and often inconsistent muscle in the anterior compartment of the forearm. This fusiform-shaped muscle originates at the medial epicondyle of the humerus bone following a long and narrow tendon that inserts at the palmar aponeurosis. That tendon is used in reconstructive surgery, and for this reason, detailed information from an ultrasound is used to detect the tendon and the possible variations in the muscle. The present study aimed to investigate the palmaris longus muscle and its variations through ultrasound, anatomical, and histological analysis with clinical and surgical applications. Methods: A total of 72 upper limbs from 33 females and 39 males, 32 right and 40 left, were evaluated in ultrasound, anatomical, and histological studies. The main objective was to prove the existence of the palmaris longus muscle and its variations, as well as to measure the tendon for surgical applications. Results: Ultrasound analysis showed that it is possible to determine the existence of the muscle (76.4%) and its variations (23.6%), as well as its absence (15.3%). The anatomical results proved the ultrasound results. The width of the tendon was between 0.4 and 0.38 mm. by ultrasound and anatomical analysis. Also, normal palmaris longus tendons were not a direct cause of compression of the median nerve. Conclusions: It is important to confirm the existence and possible variations in the palmaris longus muscle and tendon through ultrasound before surgical reconstruction and for clinical diagnostics. 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