0d4dfb6e2087ebfb0260e68a832f2c64 326180.pdf 6e3eef060809124272f02d4bf9bb5bec984ad8cb 326180.pdf 22c47c43c67174cf9238764059b6b1936ab0cf8c97688bda92be1c550d0e40b7 326180.pdf Title: Normative Data of Neuromuscular Function in Upper Limb and Its Correlation with Superficial Fascia and Body Mass Composition Subject: Background/Objectives: Neuromuscular functions (NMFs) encompass biomechanical and viscoelastic properties that are essential for coordinated movement and muscular control. While NMFs have been extensively investigated in the lower limb, normative data for the upper extremity remain limited, particularly regarding the interaction between neuromuscular properties, superficial fascia, and body composition. As body composition and fascial characteristics may influence neuromuscular behavior and the interpretation of mechanical measurements, this study aimed to establish reference values for upper limb NMF, analyze dominance-related differences, and investigate the relationship between superficial fascia thickness and body mass composition. Methods: A descriptive, non-experimental study was conducted involving 61 healthy adults (122 upper limbs). Assessments included body composition (bioimpedance), superficial fascia thickness (skinfolds), viscoelastic properties (MyotonPro), and isometric strength (handheld dynamometry). Standardized protocols were applied for all measurements. Comparisons were performed between sexes and between dominant and non-dominant limbs. Correlation analyses explored associations between NMF, adiposity, and fascia parameters. Results: Dominant limbs showed slightly greater strength; however, these differences were not statistically significant. Viscoelastic properties were largely symmetrical between limbs, with minimal dominance-related differences. Clear sex differences were observed: men demonstrated greater strength, lean mass, and increased stiffness, whereas women presented higher skinfold thickness and lower muscle tone. Weak correlations were identified between stiffness, relaxation, and strength, as well as between adiposity and superficial fascia thickness. Greater adipose thickness was associated with lower stiffness values in the triceps (rho= -0304; iC95% 0.041/0.528; p = 0.017). Conclusions: Upper limb neuromuscular properties exhibit high bilateral symmetry, with limb dominance influencing strength. Sex and body composition significantly modulate both viscoelastic and functional parameters. These findings provide normative reference values and highlight the relevance of considering body composition and fascial characteristics when assessing neuromuscular function in clinical and sports contexts. Keywords: neuromuscular function; myotonometry; anatomy; fascia; body composition; upper limb; viscoelastic properties; muscle strength; dominance Author: Oriol Casasayas-Cos, Noé Labata-Lezaun, Luis Llurda-Almuzara, Sara Ortiz-Miguel, Johke Smit, Carlos López-de-Celis and Albert Pérez-Bellmunt Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25; modified using OpenPDF 1.4.2 CreationDate: Tue Feb 3 14:40:55 2026 CET ModDate: Tue Feb 3 14:45:12 2026 CET Custom Metadata: yes Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 18 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 3078407 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- NTZHMZ+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 119 0 UBXZJK+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 120 0 PUCTSQ+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 121 0 FFDGWE+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 122 0 YFEILH+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 123 0 QLBIEB+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 186 0 MGCABB+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 209 0 MGCABB+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 236 0 MGCABB+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 262 0 MGCABB+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 285 0 MGCABB+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 365 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2026-02-27 04:50:40 CET RepresentationInformation: 326180.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2026-02-26 14:55:42 CET Size: 3078407 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 562 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: ViewerPreferences: HideToolbar: false HideMenubar: false HideWindowUI: false FitWindow: true CenterWindow: false DisplayDocTitle: false NonFullScreenPageMode: UseNone Direction: L2R ViewArea: CropBox ViewClip: CropBox PrintArea: CropBox PageClip: CropBox PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Item: Title: Materials and Methods Children: Item: Title: Study Design Item: Title: Sample Item: Title: Ethical Item: Title: Measurements and Procedure Children: Item: Title: Body Height and Body Composition Item: Title: Viscoelastic Properties Item: Title: Superficial Fascial and Subcutaneous Tissue Item: Title: Muscular Strength Item: Title: Correlation Analysis Item: Title: Statistical Analysis Item: Title: Results Item: Title: Discussion Item: Title: Conclusions Item: Title: Appendix A Item: Title: References Info: Title: Normative Data of Neuromuscular Function in Upper Limb and Its Correlation with Superficial Fascia and Body Mass Composition Author: Oriol Casasayas-Cos, Noé Labata-Lezaun, Luis Llurda-Almuzara, Sara Ortiz-Miguel, Johke Smit, Carlos López-de-Celis and Albert Pérez-Bellmunt Subject: Background/Objectives: Neuromuscular functions (NMFs) encompass biomechanical and viscoelastic properties that are essential for coordinated movement and muscular control. While NMFs have been extensively investigated in the lower limb, normative data for the upper extremity remain limited, particularly regarding the interaction between neuromuscular properties, superficial fascia, and body composition. As body composition and fascial characteristics may influence neuromuscular behavior and the interpretation of mechanical measurements, this study aimed to establish reference values for upper limb NMF, analyze dominance-related differences, and investigate the relationship between superficial fascia thickness and body mass composition. Methods: A descriptive, non-experimental study was conducted involving 61 healthy adults (122 upper limbs). Assessments included body composition (bioimpedance), superficial fascia thickness (skinfolds), viscoelastic properties (MyotonPro), and isometric strength (handheld dynamometry). Standardized protocols were applied for all measurements. Comparisons were performed between sexes and between dominant and non-dominant limbs. Correlation analyses explored associations between NMF, adiposity, and fascia parameters. Results: Dominant limbs showed slightly greater strength; however, these differences were not statistically significant. Viscoelastic properties were largely symmetrical between limbs, with minimal dominance-related differences. Clear sex differences were observed: men demonstrated greater strength, lean mass, and increased stiffness, whereas women presented higher skinfold thickness and lower muscle tone. Weak correlations were identified between stiffness, relaxation, and strength, as well as between adiposity and superficial fascia thickness. Greater adipose thickness was associated with lower stiffness values in the triceps (rho= -0304; iC95% 0.041/0.528; p = 0.017). Conclusions: Upper limb neuromuscular properties exhibit high bilateral symmetry, with limb dominance influencing strength. Sex and body composition significantly modulate both viscoelastic and functional parameters. These findings provide normative reference values and highlight the relevance of considering body composition and fascial characteristics when assessing neuromuscular function in clinical and sports contexts. 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