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Title:           Open questions on facultative C4–CAM photosynthesis in Portulaca
Subject:         DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erag161; Journal of Experimental Botany, 77, 14, 2026-04-10.; Abstract: Plants have evolved carbon-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) to optimize carbon fixation under environmental conditions that increase photorespiratory and transpiration rates. C4 and Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis are the two most widespread CCM examples across land plants and were typically considered to be incompatible due to biochemical, anatomical, evolutionary, and regulatory characteristics. However, Portulaca oleracea (purslane) was the first reported case to challenge this assumption >40 years ago. Although it remains one of the most characterized C4–CAM species, many aspects of this dual system are still unresolved. This expert view summarizes recent advances in understanding C4–CAM integration in Portulaca, highlighting key genomic, transcriptomic, biochemical, and physiological insights, and outlines the most pressing questions about the functioning and evolution of this combined CCM. Future directions for explaining how these convergent pathways emerged in the same lineage include functional studies on key regulatory elements, spatially resolved analyses for protein distribution and metabolic fluxes across leaves, an updated phylogeny of the family, and the integration of molecular and physiological data. So far, it is evident that expressing a weak CAM cycle in a C4 crop might be possible and could entail increased survival, possibly contributing to higher productivity in a future with climate change.
Keywords:        Abiotic stress; carbon-concentrating mechanism; C4 photosynthesis; Crassulacean acid metabolism; drought stress; facultative CAM; PEPC; phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase; photosynthesis; Portulaca oleracea
Author:          Renata Callegari Ferrari
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      Title: Open questions on facultative C4 CAM photosynthesis in Portulaca
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        Title: Introduction
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        Title: To be or not to be: why plants perform C4 or CAM
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        Title: The best of both worlds: the C4 CAM system
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        Title: How do C4 and CAM pathways co-exist within the same leaf at the biochemical and regulatory levels?
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          Title: What role do regulatory enzymes such as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase (PPCK) play in this pathway regulation?
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          Title: What transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms regulate the switch between pathways?
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          Title: How are metabolic fluxes coordinated?
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         Item: 
          Title: What evolutionary processes enabled the convergence of two CCMs within the same genus?
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          Title: What selective pressures favoured this convergence?
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          Title: What genomic and regulatory elements enabled the integration of these pathways?
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          Title: How might synthetic biology approaches exploit this system for enhanced stress resilience?
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          Title: Can aspects of this dual pathway be introduced into other species?
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    Title: Open questions on facultative C4 CAM photosynthesis in Portulaca
    Author: Renata Callegari Ferrari
    Subject: DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erag161; Journal of Experimental Botany, 77, 14, 2026-04-10.; Abstract: Plants have evolved carbon-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) to optimize carbon fixation under environmental conditions that increase photorespiratory and transpiration rates. C4 and Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis are the two most widespread CCM examples across land plants and were typically considered to be incompatible due to biochemical, anatomical, evolutionary, and regulatory characteristics. However, Portulaca oleracea (purslane) was the first reported case to challenge this assumption >40 years ago. Although it remains one of the most characterized C4 CAM species, many aspects of this dual system are still unresolved. This expert view summarizes recent advances in understanding C4 CAM integration in Portulaca, highlighting key genomic, transcriptomic, biochemical, and physiological insights, and outlines the most pressing questions about the functioning and evolution of this combined CCM. Future directions for explaining how these convergent pathways emerged in the same lineage include functional studies on key regulatory elements, spatially resolved analyses for protein distribution and metabolic fluxes across leaves, an updated phylogeny of the family, and the integration of molecular and physiological data. So far, it is evident that expressing a weak CAM cycle in a C4 crop might be possible and could entail increased survival, possibly contributing to higher productivity in a future with climate change.
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   Type: CRC32
  Checksum: d7bb641ac2eaf44fd1e800d0535fe6d5
   Type: MD5
  Checksum: 8aec8c8fc991e550ee3f9266d292aa431f8a878b
   Type: SHA-1
  Checksum: 33c3e14d58726fdbf0f08547de0bdcba5192b99dc978ef6cdf1f99d8ddbf19ee
   Type: SHA-256