e6c406af0f0cbeb5d9f937c05555c5a4 education-16-00837.pdf 74dbae984b6495b3c634de9aa4ca6cdd9b6af04b education-16-00837.pdf cb86ad7197dacb23291125a5e6b2654e00fa904def0614181502cb837056e3d7 education-16-00837.pdf Title: Evaluating Reflective Thinking-Based Teacher Training Using Kirkpatrick’s Model: A Multi-Source and Cross-Level Analysis Subject: Evaluations of teacher professional development programmes are often constrained by reliance on single-source self-report data and partial evaluation designs, limiting the validity of conclusions on training effectiveness. This study evaluates a Reflective Thinking-Based Training programme in Indonesia using Kirkpatrick’s model, strengthened through multi-source triangulation involving teachers, school principals, peer teachers, and students. A convergent mixed-methods design was employed, integrating quantitative and qualitative data across all four levels. The sample comprised 30 lower secondary school teachers. External evaluations were provided by three principals and four peer teachers at Level 3 (Behaviour), and by 266 students at Level 4 (Results). Findings indicate positive outcomes at early levels, with lower scores observed at higher levels. Mean scores ranged from 4.08 (student-reported outcomes) to 4.77 (teacher reactions). The gradual decline across levels suggests that transfer of training into classroom practice and student learning experiences is not automatic. Cross-level analysis indicates that relationships among evaluation levels are conditional rather than deterministic. These findings provide preliminary support for the feasibility of combining a comprehensive four-level evaluation with multi-source triangulation in resource-constrained contexts. For policymakers and practitioners, results underscore the importance of institutional support mechanisms for sustaining the transfer of professional learning into practice. Keywords: teacher professional development; Kirkpatrick model; reflective thinking; training evaluation; multi-source triangulation; cross-level analysis Author: Rahma Tri Wulandari, Pedro Jurado de los Santos and Antoni Navío Gámez Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25; modified using OpenPDF 1.4.2 CreationDate: Wed May 27 10:49:19 2026 CEST ModDate: Wed May 27 10:52:01 2026 CEST Custom Metadata: yes Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 19 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 1471056 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- QIWTQM+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 185 0 WBGJOJ+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 186 0 AHIYXL+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 187 0 PLOLAK+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 188 0 BHXREO+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 377 0 ICBUDW+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 378 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2026-06-03 03:56:26 CEST RepresentationInformation: education-16-00837.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2026-06-02 06:20:47 CEST Size: 1471056 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 710 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: ViewerPreferences: HideToolbar: false HideMenubar: false HideWindowUI: false FitWindow: true CenterWindow: false DisplayDocTitle: false NonFullScreenPageMode: UseNone Direction: L2R ViewArea: CropBox ViewClip: CropBox PrintArea: CropBox PageClip: CropBox PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Item: Title: Literature Review Children: Item: Title: Reflective Thinking as a Foundation for Teacher Professional Development Item: Title: Training Evaluation: Conceptual Foundations and Purposes Item: Title: Kirkpatrick’s Model: Global Application and Persistent Limitations Item: Title: Multi-Source Evaluation as a Methodological Response Item: Title: Methods Children: Item: Title: Evaluation Design Item: Title: Participants Item: Title: Operationalisation of Kirkpatrick’s Model Item: Title: Data Analysis Item: Title: Results Children: Item: Title: Level 1—Reaction: Participants’ Responses to the Training Item: Title: Level 2—Learning: Participants’ Learning Outcomes Item: Title: Level 3—Behaviour: Changes in Teaching Practice Children: Item: Title: Teachers’ Self-Assessment of Behavioural Change Item: Title: External Validation by School Principals and Peer Teachers Item: Title: Level 4—Results: Impact on Students’ Learning Experiences Children: Item: Title: Teachers’ Perceptions Item: Title: Students’ Perceptions of Classroom Instructional Practices Item: Title: Cross-Level Analysis: Relational Patterns Across Kirkpatrick Levels Item: Title: Discussion Children: Item: Title: Teachers’ Responses to the Training (Level Reaction) Item: Title: Teacher Learning and the Strengthening of Reflective Capacity (Level Learning) Item: Title: Transfer of Learning and Changes in Teaching Behaviour (Level Behaviour) Item: Title: Training Impact on Students’ Learning Experiences (Level Results) Item: Title: Practical Implications Item: Title: Limitations and Future Research Item: Title: Conclusions Item: Title: References Info: Title: Evaluating Reflective Thinking-Based Teacher Training Using Kirkpatrick’s Model: A Multi-Source and Cross-Level Analysis Author: Rahma Tri Wulandari, Pedro Jurado de los Santos and Antoni Navío Gámez Subject: Evaluations of teacher professional development programmes are often constrained by reliance on single-source self-report data and partial evaluation designs, limiting the validity of conclusions on training effectiveness. This study evaluates a Reflective Thinking-Based Training programme in Indonesia using Kirkpatrick’s model, strengthened through multi-source triangulation involving teachers, school principals, peer teachers, and students. A convergent mixed-methods design was employed, integrating quantitative and qualitative data across all four levels. The sample comprised 30 lower secondary school teachers. External evaluations were provided by three principals and four peer teachers at Level 3 (Behaviour), and by 266 students at Level 4 (Results). Findings indicate positive outcomes at early levels, with lower scores observed at higher levels. Mean scores ranged from 4.08 (student-reported outcomes) to 4.77 (teacher reactions). The gradual decline across levels suggests that transfer of training into classroom practice and student learning experiences is not automatic. Cross-level analysis indicates that relationships among evaluation levels are conditional rather than deterministic. These findings provide preliminary support for the feasibility of combining a comprehensive four-level evaluation with multi-source triangulation in resource-constrained contexts. For policymakers and practitioners, results underscore the importance of institutional support mechanisms for sustaining the transfer of professional learning into practice. 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