12966dea0a841a8b3253aa2032612304 jouger_a2026v81n7iENG.pdf 022a30ce96e089e918b858296886306a057de00e jouger_a2026v81n7iENG.pdf 6fbbb8163f9124df8ed2afcf9f7a8e0978ef2a0c8a2fcdee3e78bad41bf5fba1 jouger_a2026v81n7iENG.pdf Title: Mental health effects of caregiving for older parents in the United Kingdom: the roles of social support, neighborhood cohesion, and neighborhood deprivation Subject: Doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbag078 The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 00, 00, 2026 Publication Date: 07/05/2026 Abstract Objectives We investigate whether changes in the mental health of adult children providing care for an older parent or parent-in-law are mediated by perceived social support from relatives and friends and perceived neighborhood social cohesion. We also investigate whether neighborhood deprivation modifies the effects of neighborhood social cohesion or independently influences mental health.Methods We fit dynamic panel models to analyze changes in the mental health of caregivers using data from 4 annual waves of a nationally representative UK longitudinal study. We distinguish between intensive caregivers providing 20 or more hours of care per week and those providing fewer hours. We controlled for sociodemographic factors associated with mental health and with caregiving. In some analyses, we distinguished between positive aspects of perceived social support and negative effects of social strain.Results Higher perceived neighborhood social cohesion was associated with improved mental health for caregivers providing lesser amounts of care and less mental health deterioration for intensive caregivers, irrespective of neighborhood deprivation. Although less intensive caregiving had no direct effect on caregivers’ mental health, their mental health improved because of the association between less intensive caregiving and perceptions of increased support from family, friends, and the neighborhood. However, intensive caregivers reported increased social strain, exacerbating the negative effects of caregiving on mental health.Discussion The mental health impacts of caregiving vary by the extent of perceived neighborhood social cohesion and support from family and friends. Stresses and supports of less and more intensive caregivers need separate attention. Keywords: Longitudinal; Social strain; Emotional support; Mediation Creator: Servigistics Arbortext Advanced Print Publisher 11.1.4667/W Producer: PDFlib+PDI 9.0.7p3 (C++/Win32); modified using iTextSharp.LGPLv2.Core 3.7.4.0 CreationDate: Sun Jun 7 06:26:59 2026 CEST ModDate: Fri Jun 12 11:00:13 2026 CEST Custom Metadata: yes Metadata Stream: yes Tagged: yes UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 10 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 782.362 pts Page rot: 0 File size: 1181394 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.5 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- MPDGIF+SourceSansPro-Bold Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 26 0 PWUFDE+SourceSansPro-Semibold Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 27 0 QSTTVM+SourceSansPro-Light Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 942 0 TeX_CM_Roman Type 1 Builtin yes no yes 28 0 PDECQK+SourceSansPro-SemiboldIt Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 108 0 VYRMLS+SourceSansPro-Regular Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 29 0 PVAZWT+SourceSansPro-It Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 30 0 ULOIYZ+ArialMT TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 1 0 TeX_CM_Maths_Symbols Type 1 Builtin yes no yes 31 0 TeX_CM_Maths_Italic Type 1 Builtin yes no yes 88 0 AEOGMU+STIXTwoMath-Regular CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 109 0 TXRSJO+STIX-Italic Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 129 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2026-06-15 03:56:27 CEST RepresentationInformation: jouger_a2026v81n7iENG.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2026-06-14 19:18:40 CEST Size: 1181394 Format: PDF Version: 1.5 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf Profile: Tagged PDF PDFMetadata: Objects: 993 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: ViewerPreferences: HideToolbar: false HideMenubar: false HideWindowUI: false FitWindow: false CenterWindow: false DisplayDocTitle: true NonFullScreenPageMode: UseNone Direction: L2R ViewArea: CropBox ViewClip: CropBox PrintArea: CropBox PageClip: CropBox PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseOutlines Language: en Outlines: Item: Title: Active Content List Destination: mkchap_artid Children: Item: Title: Data and methods Destination: mkchap9__sec Item: Title: Results Destination: mkchap18__sec Item: Title: Discussion Destination: mkchap24__sec Item: Title: Conclusion Destination: mkchap26__sec Item: Title: Supplementary material Destination: mkchap27__sec Item: Title: Funding Destination: mkchap28__sec Item: Title: Conflicts of interest Destination: mkchap29__sec Item: Title: Data availability Destination: mkchap30__sec Item: Title: References Destination: mkchap31_ref1_ref-list Info: Title: Mental health effects of caregiving for older parents in the United Kingdom: the roles of social support, neighborhood cohesion, and neighborhood deprivation Subject: Doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbag078 The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 00, 00, 2026 Publication Date: 07/05/2026 Abstract Objectives We investigate whether changes in the mental health of adult children providing care for an older parent or parent-in-law are mediated by perceived social support from relatives and friends and perceived neighborhood social cohesion. We also investigate whether neighborhood deprivation modifies the effects of neighborhood social cohesion or independently influences mental health.Methods We fit dynamic panel models to analyze changes in the mental health of caregivers using data from 4 annual waves of a nationally representative UK longitudinal study. We distinguish between intensive caregivers providing 20 or more hours of care per week and those providing fewer hours. We controlled for sociodemographic factors associated with mental health and with caregiving. In some analyses, we distinguished between positive aspects of perceived social support and negative effects of social strain.Results Higher perceived neighborhood social cohesion was associated with improved mental health for caregivers providing lesser amounts of care and less mental health deterioration for intensive caregivers, irrespective of neighborhood deprivation. Although less intensive caregiving had no direct effect on caregivers’ mental health, their mental health improved because of the association between less intensive caregiving and perceptions of increased support from family, friends, and the neighborhood. However, intensive caregivers reported increased social strain, exacerbating the negative effects of caregiving on mental health.Discussion The mental health impacts of caregiving vary by the extent of perceived neighborhood social cohesion and support from family and friends. Stresses and supports of less and more intensive caregivers need separate attention. 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We also investigate whether neighborhood deprivation modifies the effects of neighborhood social cohesion or independently influences mental health.Methods We fit dynamic panel models to analyze changes in the mental health of caregivers using data from 4 annual waves of a nationally representative UK longitudinal study. We distinguish between intensive caregivers providing 20 or more hours of care per week and those providing fewer hours. We controlled for sociodemographic factors associated with mental health and with caregiving. In some analyses, we distinguished between positive aspects of perceived social support and negative effects of social strain.Results Higher perceived neighborhood social cohesion was associated with improved mental health for caregivers providing lesser amounts of care and less mental health deterioration for intensive caregivers, irrespective of neighborhood deprivation. Although less intensive caregiving had no direct effect on caregivers’ mental health, their mental health improved because of the association between less intensive caregiving and perceptions of increased support from family, friends, and the neighborhood. However, intensive caregivers reported increased social strain, exacerbating the negative effects of caregiving on mental health.Discussion The mental health impacts of caregiving vary by the extent of perceived neighborhood social cohesion and support from family and friends. Stresses and supports of less and more intensive caregivers need separate attention. © The Author(s) 2026. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Gerontological Society of America. 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