891c5f542f016d2bc3c61257947ecd6c societies_a2026v16n2e41.pdf 47e28d53a2efd409ec2480dde58a857203f2680e societies_a2026v16n2e41.pdf 29df55fb78819c9d37e9d5a94326d8f5314f38b4ff789714d487a91611107a28 societies_a2026v16n2e41.pdf Title: From Crime to Crisis: Media Narratives of Extortion and Economic Decline in Ecuador Subject: This article examines how Ecuadorian digital media have portrayed the phenomenon of vacunas—an extortion practice targeting small businesses—between January and July 2025. Through qualitative content analysis and semiotic analysis, this study reviews news items, reports, interviews, editorials and chronicles published in eight major national outlets (Expreso, El Universo, El Comercio, El Mercurio, La Hora, GK, Primicias and Extra). Findings reveal that the media frame vacunas not only as a criminal act but also as a structural threat that deepens unemployment, territorial disputes, economic decline, business closures and migration. Symbolic representations of fear, power and vulnerability permeate both textual and visual narratives, reinforcing imaginaries of crisis and uncertainty. The article concludes that media coverage does more than inform; it constructs interpretative frameworks that shape how citizens, institutions and policymakers perceive insecurity, linking everyday extortion with broader debates on governance, economic fragility and social cohesion in Ecuador. Keywords: extortion dynamics; vacunas practices; media representation; economic decline; small businesses; Ecuadorian journalism Author: Fernanda Tusa, Ignacio Aguaded and Santiago Tejedor Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25; modified using OpenPDF 1.4.2 CreationDate: Tue Jan 27 08:44:27 2026 CET ModDate: Tue Jan 27 08:47:30 2026 CET Custom Metadata: yes Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 20 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 286820 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- YWCOSX+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 118 0 IWFIFH+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 119 0 CFQKRV+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 120 0 GFAWRG+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 224 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2026-07-02 04:07:37 CEST RepresentationInformation: societies_a2026v16n2e41.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2026-07-01 06:03:42 CEST Size: 286820 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 527 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: ViewerPreferences: HideToolbar: false HideMenubar: false HideWindowUI: false FitWindow: true CenterWindow: false DisplayDocTitle: false NonFullScreenPageMode: UseNone Direction: L2R ViewArea: CropBox ViewClip: CropBox PrintArea: CropBox PageClip: CropBox PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Item: Title: Materials and Methods Item: Title: Results Children: Item: Title: Framing of Extortion as an Epidemic Item: Title: Economic Decline and Business Closures Item: Title: Unemployment and Informal Labor Dynamics Item: Title: Migration Narratives and Displacement Item: Title: Political Responsibility and Governance Discourses Item: Title: Symbolic Representations in Language and Images Item: Title: Discussion Children: Item: Title: Media Framing and Symbolic Construction of Crime Item: Title: Economic Impacts of Extortion on Small Businesses Item: Title: Labor Vulnerability, Informal Economy and Migration Item: Title: Governance, Institutional Weakness and Public Discourse Item: Title: Conclusions Item: Title: References Info: Title: From Crime to Crisis: Media Narratives of Extortion and Economic Decline in Ecuador Author: Fernanda Tusa, Ignacio Aguaded and Santiago Tejedor Subject: This article examines how Ecuadorian digital media have portrayed the phenomenon of vacunas—an extortion practice targeting small businesses—between January and July 2025. Through qualitative content analysis and semiotic analysis, this study reviews news items, reports, interviews, editorials and chronicles published in eight major national outlets (Expreso, El Universo, El Comercio, El Mercurio, La Hora, GK, Primicias and Extra). Findings reveal that the media frame vacunas not only as a criminal act but also as a structural threat that deepens unemployment, territorial disputes, economic decline, business closures and migration. Symbolic representations of fear, power and vulnerability permeate both textual and visual narratives, reinforcing imaginaries of crisis and uncertainty. The article concludes that media coverage does more than inform; it constructs interpretative frameworks that shape how citizens, institutions and policymakers perceive insecurity, linking everyday extortion with broader debates on governance, economic fragility and social cohesion in Ecuador. 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