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Endocrinol. 17:1759877. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2026.1759877 Keywords: combined stressors; emergent pollutant; immune genes; PSNPs; Sparus aurata; stress response Author: Nuria Ruiz CreationDate: Tue Mar 17 05:12:58 2026 CET ModDate: Tue Mar 17 05:12:58 2026 CET Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: yes Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 13 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.389 x 841.663 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 2618975 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.4 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- OPALGH+AdvTTd3a5f740 Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 235 0 OPALIA+AdvTT2c8ce45a Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 236 0 OPALIB+AdvTTc8b77491.I Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 732 0 OPBAAG+AdvTT9b12cd41+01 Type 1C MacRoman yes yes no 733 0 OPALHI+AdvTTd3a5f740+20 Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 734 0 OPALHJ+AdvPSA18C Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 735 0 OPALHK+AdvTTd3a5f740+01 Type 1C 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on gilthead seabream Destination: bmark_-523300065 Children: Item: Title: 1 Introduction Destination: s1 Item: Title: 2 Materials and methodology Destination: s2 Children: Item: Title: 2.1 Fish and husbandry, bioassay, and sampling Destination: s2_1 Item: Title: 2.2 Characterization of nanoplastics Destination: s2_2 Item: Title: 2.3 Hematological analyses Destination: s2_3 Item: Title: 2.4 Biochemical analyses Destination: s2_4 Item: Title: 2.5 RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis Destination: s2_5 Item: Title: 2.6 Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction Destination: s2_6 Item: Title: 2.7 Statistical analysis Destination: s2_7 Item: Title: 3 Results Destination: s3 Children: Item: Title: 3.1 Characterization of nanoplastics Destination: s3_1 Item: Title: 3.2 Hematological analyses Destination: s3_2 Item: Title: 3.3 Biochemical analyses Destination: s3_3 Item: Title: 3.4 Gills gene expression Destination: s3_4 Item: Title: 3.5 Intestine gene expression Destination: s3_5 Item: Title: 3.6 Skin gene expression Destination: s3_6 Item: Title: 4 Discussion Destination: s4 Children: Item: Title: 4.1 Impact of increased salinity Destination: s4_1 Item: Title: 4.2 Impact of waterborne PSNPs Destination: s4_2 Item: Title: 4.3 Combined impact of increased salinity and waterborne PSNPs Destination: s4_3 Item: Title: 5 Conclusion Destination: s5 Item: Title: Data availability statement Destination: bmark_-1258588262 Item: Title: Ethics statement Destination: bmark_1370551237 Item: Title: Author contributions Destination: bmark_-1208584890 Item: Title: Funding Destination: bmark_1865464027 Item: Title: Acknowledgments Destination: bmark_-366698314 Item: Title: Conflict of interest Destination: bmark_1089982005 Item: Title: Generative AI statement Destination: bmark_-1453097031 Item: Title: Publisher’s note Destination: bmark_-1256977648 Item: Title: References Destination: bmark_2090415954 Info: Title: Immunoendocrine response to individual or combined exposure of polystyrene nanoplastics and elevated salinity on gilthead seabream Author: Nuria Ruiz Subject: Ruiz N, Blonç M, Tvarijonaviciute A, Teles M, Pastor J and Tort L (2026) Immunoendocrine response to individual or combined exposure of polystyrene nanoplastics and elevated salinity on gilthead seabream. Front. 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Front. Endocrinol. 17:1759877. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2026.1759877 Copyright © 2026 Ruiz, Blonç, Tvarijonaviciute, Teles, Pastor and Tort.. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. combined stressors emergent pollutant immune genes PSNPs Sparus aurata stress response Immunoendocrine response to individual or combined exposure of polystyrene nanoplastics and elevated salinity on gilthead seabream combined stressors; emergent pollutant; immune genes; PSNPs; Sparus aurata; stress response True https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/copyright-statement 2026-03-17T12:12:58+08:00 2026-03-17T12:12:58+08:00 2026-03-17T12:12:58+08:00 uuid:2accc607-345e-4b32-b194-ab8c03903112 uuid:58e45d8f-3f42-4d53-8cf3-312f9203c25a Pages: Page: Label: 1 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 219, 683, 499, 704 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 219, 658, 468, 679 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 219, 633, 452, 654 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 219, 608, 476, 629 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 219, 583, 501, 604 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 49, 33, 134, 40 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 499, 33, 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