b88e9280ec5ae7ebfaf7876e90eb710a REMS_a2026v18p2119.pdf c38aec61d5294e0f8d5fb04fb01ad2192b4673a7 REMS_a2026v18p2119.pdf f923f4693640501f9f3dab0037030c99798664db8b471a66bb64570061345143 REMS_a2026v18p2119.pdf Title: Evaluating Urban Landscape and Remotely Sensed Vegetation Indices to Explain Wild Boar Presence in Barcelona Subject: Urbanisation is reshaping ecosystems and increasing human–wildlife interactions. Wild boar (Sus scrofa), a highly adaptable species, is increasingly common in European cities, where it exploits natural and anthropogenic resources, often leading to conflict. Predicting when and where wild boars enter urban areas remains challenging, particularly using scalable tools such as remote sensing. Here, we show that temporal and spatial drivers of urban presence are decoupled in Barcelona over a 14-year period. Seasonal vegetation dynamics influenced the timing of urban incursions, with peaks in spring and late summer associated with changes in vegetation moisture and likely reinforced by increased energetic demands during reproduction and early lactation. However, remotely sensed vegetation indices captured these dynamics only partially, limiting their predictive power when used alone. Spatial variation in urban green area use was primarily explained by landscape structure, with proximity to streams and habitat fragmentation contributing similarly. Green areas near natural corridors were concentrated higher and had more variable presence, while heterogeneous landscapes likely facilitated repeated use by increasing access to foraging and refuge. Integrating remote sensing with landscape metrics can improve the anticipation and management of human–wildlife conflicts. Keywords: wild boar; urban ecology; landscape structure; human–wildlife conflict; Mediterranean ecosystems Author: María Escobar-González, Miguel Ibáñez-Álvarez, Irene Torres-Blas, Stefania Tampach, Aser Clavero, Santiago Lavín, Gregorio Mentaberre, Jorge Ramón López-Olvera and Emmanuel Serrano Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25; modified using OpenPDF 1.4.2 CreationDate: Wed Jul 1 09:17:52 2026 CEST ModDate: Wed Jul 1 09:23:28 2026 CEST Custom Metadata: yes Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 24 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 7458481 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- JJVQQA+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 121 0 FXZRFW+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 122 0 KENTNP+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 123 0 DGWEZA+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 124 0 IURJWF+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 125 0 KLNFDJ+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 280 0 MPUDFL+PazoMath Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 396 0 ZOIAYO+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 427 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2026-09-08 04:12:03 CEST RepresentationInformation: REMS_a2026v18p2119.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2026-09-07 13:29:14 CEST Size: 7458481 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 846 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: ViewerPreferences: HideToolbar: false HideMenubar: false HideWindowUI: false FitWindow: true CenterWindow: false DisplayDocTitle: false NonFullScreenPageMode: UseNone Direction: L2R ViewArea: CropBox ViewClip: CropBox PrintArea: CropBox PageClip: CropBox PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Item: Title: Materials and Methods Children: Item: Title: Study Area and Plot Selection Item: Title: Wild Boar Presence Item: Title: Satellite Images and Extraction of Vegetation Indices Item: Title: Statistical Analyses Children: Item: Title: Analysis of Long-Term Temporal Trends Item: Title: Evaluation of the Relationship Between Seasonal Trends Item: Title: Evaluation of the Relationship Between Wild Boar Presence and Urban Green Area Characteristics Item: Title: Results Children: Item: Title: Long-Term Temporal Trends Item: Title: Relationship Among Seasonal Trends Item: Title: Relationship Between Wild Boar Presence and Urban Green Area Features Item: Title: Discussion Children: Item: Title: Temporal Trends Item: Title: Urban Green Area Features Item: Title: Conclusions Item: Title: References Info: Title: Evaluating Urban Landscape and Remotely Sensed Vegetation Indices to Explain Wild Boar Presence in Barcelona Author: María Escobar-González, Miguel Ibáñez-Álvarez, Irene Torres-Blas, Stefania Tampach, Aser Clavero, Santiago Lavín, Gregorio Mentaberre, Jorge Ramón López-Olvera and Emmanuel Serrano Subject: Urbanisation is reshaping ecosystems and increasing human–wildlife interactions. Wild boar (Sus scrofa), a highly adaptable species, is increasingly common in European cities, where it exploits natural and anthropogenic resources, often leading to conflict. Predicting when and where wild boars enter urban areas remains challenging, particularly using scalable tools such as remote sensing. Here, we show that temporal and spatial drivers of urban presence are decoupled in Barcelona over a 14-year period. Seasonal vegetation dynamics influenced the timing of urban incursions, with peaks in spring and late summer associated with changes in vegetation moisture and likely reinforced by increased energetic demands during reproduction and early lactation. However, remotely sensed vegetation indices captured these dynamics only partially, limiting their predictive power when used alone. Spatial variation in urban green area use was primarily explained by landscape structure, with proximity to streams and habitat fragmentation contributing similarly. Green areas near natural corridors were concentrated higher and had more variable presence, while heterogeneous landscapes likely facilitated repeated use by increasing access to foraging and refuge. Integrating remote sensing with landscape metrics can improve the anticipation and management of human–wildlife conflicts. Keywords: wild boar; urban ecology; landscape structure; human–wildlife conflict; Mediterranean ecosystems Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25; modified using OpenPDF 1.4.2 CreationDate: Wed Jul 01 09:17:52 CEST 2026 ModDate: Wed Jul 01 09:23:28 CEST 2026 ID: 0x83291b1105fbb1f4fc2fd42354d2291c, 0x98cef564917e68ad80b843e5af282fd7 Filters: FilterPipeline: FlateDecode Fonts: Type1: Font: BaseFont: JJVQQA+URWPalladioL-Bold FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 243 FontDescriptor: FontName: JJVQQA+URWPalladioL-Bold Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -152, -301, 1000, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: FXZRFW+CMSY10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 0 LastChar: 25 FontDescriptor: FontName: FXZRFW+CMSY10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -29, -960, 1116, 775 FontFile: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: KENTNP+VnURWPalladioL FontSubset: true FirstChar: 146 LastChar: 225 FontDescriptor: FontName: KENTNP+VnURWPalladioL Flags: Symbolic 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