acd79c0a25a8079485ce7023e2752746 heritage_a2026v9n8art330.pdf b205409e766ff8494809a8589e036a1146dcb227 heritage_a2026v9n8art330.pdf 3993ba0e758b06b49f91e6a5295ca6893a460a2f6d3b758444306306e7af9469 heritage_a2026v9n8art330.pdf Title: The Elephant in the Room: The Use of Mammoth Bones for the Manufacture of Objects in the Upper Paleolithic of Southwestern France Subject: During the Upper Paleolithic of southwestern France, the working of mammoth ivory is widely documented, but the use of mammoth bone has not been identified except for one possible Gravettian case. Here we report six worked objects made of mammoth bone from five sites in southwestern France, which have been identified taxonomically by proteomics using ZooMS. They were radiocarbon dated and their chronological distribution spans the Upper Paleolithic: Aurignacian (Sous-le-Roc, 35.5–34.6 ka cal BP), Gravettian (Brassempouy, 28.6–27.6 ka cal BP), Solutrean (Laugerie-Haute and Harpons, 26.3–23.4 and 24.2–23.7 ka cal BP), and Magdalenian (La Madeleine, 15.9–15.5 ka cal BP). Additionally, the technical use of unworked flakes from mammoth bones was identified at another site (Isturitz) and dated to the Gravettian (33.8–31.9 ka cal BP). We argue that in the Upper Paleolithic of southwestern Europe, the use of mammoth bone, while infrequent, is more common than previously documented, and identification biases account for its under-recognition. More systematic research is necessary to assess the extent of this phenomenon. This contribution highlights the research potential in collections from ancient excavations, provided that they are approached with a combination of complementary analytical methods. Keywords: bone tool; mammoth; paleoproteomics; radiocarbon dating; southwestern Europe; Upper Paleolithic; ZooMS Author: Jean-Marc Pétillon, Élise Tartar, Laura G. van der Sluis, Krista McGrath, Lucía Agudo Pérez, Leire Torres-Iglesias, Ana B. Marín-Arroyo, Christian Normand Orieux, Camilla Speller, Antoine Zazzo and Alexandre Lefebvre Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25; modified using OpenPDF 1.4.2 CreationDate: Fri Aug 21 04:49:20 2026 CEST ModDate: Fri Aug 21 10:21:52 2026 CEST Custom Metadata: yes Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 18 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 15565426 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- KCNTMJ+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 100 0 GJYJSX+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 101 0 FLICMP+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 102 0 QLUCMQ+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 103 0 EHCUPV+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 104 0 QMDDXF+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 172 0 ZZJXSH+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 253 0 EUSXAO+EURB10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 325 0 HXGHBJ+VnURWPalladioL-Italic Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 482 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2026-09-04 04:16:06 CEST RepresentationInformation: heritage_a2026v9n8art330.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2026-09-03 06:55:03 CEST Size: 15565426 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 574 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: ViewerPreferences: HideToolbar: false HideMenubar: false HideWindowUI: false FitWindow: true CenterWindow: false DisplayDocTitle: false NonFullScreenPageMode: UseNone Direction: L2R ViewArea: CropBox ViewClip: CropBox PrintArea: CropBox PageClip: CropBox PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Item: Title: Material and Methods Children: Item: Title: Material Item: Title: Study and Sampling Item: Title: ZooMS Item: Title: Radiocarbon Dating Item: Title: Stable Isotope Analysis Item: Title: Results Children: Item: Title: Description of the Objects Item: Title: ZooMS Results Item: Title: Radiocarbon Dating Results Item: Title: Discussion Item: Title: References Info: Title: The Elephant in the Room: The Use of Mammoth Bones for the Manufacture of Objects in the Upper Paleolithic of Southwestern France Author: Jean-Marc Pétillon, Élise Tartar, Laura G. van der Sluis, Krista McGrath, Lucía Agudo Pérez, Leire Torres-Iglesias, Ana B. Marín-Arroyo, Christian Normand Orieux, Camilla Speller, Antoine Zazzo and Alexandre Lefebvre Subject: During the Upper Paleolithic of southwestern France, the working of mammoth ivory is widely documented, but the use of mammoth bone has not been identified except for one possible Gravettian case. Here we report six worked objects made of mammoth bone from five sites in southwestern France, which have been identified taxonomically by proteomics using ZooMS. They were radiocarbon dated and their chronological distribution spans the Upper Paleolithic: Aurignacian (Sous-le-Roc, 35.5–34.6 ka cal BP), Gravettian (Brassempouy, 28.6–27.6 ka cal BP), Solutrean (Laugerie-Haute and Harpons, 26.3–23.4 and 24.2–23.7 ka cal BP), and Magdalenian (La Madeleine, 15.9–15.5 ka cal BP). Additionally, the technical use of unworked flakes from mammoth bones was identified at another site (Isturitz) and dated to the Gravettian (33.8–31.9 ka cal BP). We argue that in the Upper Paleolithic of southwestern Europe, the use of mammoth bone, while infrequent, is more common than previously documented, and identification biases account for its under-recognition. More systematic research is necessary to assess the extent of this phenomenon. This contribution highlights the research potential in collections from ancient excavations, provided that they are approached with a combination of complementary analytical methods. 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