2c507aa86336ac12336d5baefe982cfe  SJP-145-881_article-193019_en_1.pdf
49887dda0c5aaa184f3ca6bcfbde6bbe470756f4  SJP-145-881_article-193019_en_1.pdf
327c80ae6ed4b18b4625451f5b9bd8204bdb05db88d01a0b63aadaff2ae1ad70  SJP-145-881_article-193019_en_1.pdf

Title:           Lizards under pressure: skull nanoindentation in an insular reptile for palaeobiological inference
Subject:         Computational approaches are increasingly used to study the relationship between form and function in extinct and living organisms. However, one major challenge remains: assumptions about bone material properties, especially when studying fossils. In this work, direct mechanical testing and computer-based modelling are combined to assess cranial bone stiffness in the lizard genus Gallotia, endemic to the Canary Islands (Spain), including extinct species. Using linear mixed models, bone stiffness was found to be uniform across skull regions, with a trend towards lower stiffness in larger species. Simulations of biting loads showed that differences in bone properties had a limited influence on mechanical performance, supporting the use of average values in functional models. Using this framework, bone stiffness in extinct Gallotia giants was estimated, and its significance was explored. The results suggest a link between skull flexibility, body size, and diet, offering a practical approach to reconstructing biomechanical traits in extinct vertebrates across evolutionary timescales.
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     Item: 
      Title: Lizards under pressure: skull nanoindentation in an insular reptile for palaeobiological inference
     Item: 
      Title: Abstract
     Item: 
      Title: Introduction
     Item: 
      Title: Materials and methods
      Children: 
       Item: 
        Title: Nanoindentation
       Item: 
        Title: Statistical analyses and linear mixed models (LMMs)
       Item: 
        Title: Young’s modulus (E) extrapolation on fossil Gallotia specimens
       Item: 
        Title: Finite element analysis
     Item: 
      Title: Results
      Children: 
       Item: 
        Title: Nanoindentation analysis
       Item: 
        Title: Homogeneity of Young’s modulus across cranial areas (LMM 1)
       Item: 
        Title: Relationship between Young’s modulus and dorsal cranial length (LMM 2)
       Item: 
        Title: Finite element analysis: differences between defined materials
       Item: 
        Title: Differences between species
     Item: 
      Title: Discussion
      Children: 
       Item: 
        Title: Nanoindentation analysis
       Item: 
        Title: Diet and food resources
       Item: 
        Title: Protection from predation
     Item: 
      Title: Conclusion
     Item: 
      Title: Acknowledgements
     Item: 
      Title: References
     Item: 
      Title: Additional information
     Item: 
      Title: Supplementary material 1
      Children: 
       Item: 
        Title: Summary of the number of indentations and sample size for each zone across five individuals: G_Stehlini-040322_3, G_Stehlini-040322_1, G_Sthelini-492-22, G_Atlantica-020322_4, and G_Galloti 121-1
     Item: 
      Title: Supplementary material 2
      Children: 
       Item: 
        Title: Results from the nanoindentation arrays on the areas of interest in the cranium and mandible of G. atlantica 020322-4
     Item: 
      Title: Supplementary material 3
      Children: 
       Item: 
        Title: Results from the nanoindentation arrays on the areas of interest in the cranium and mandible of G. stehlini 040322-3
     Item: 
      Title: Supplementary material 4
      Children: 
       Item: 
        Title: Results from the nanoindentation arrays on the areas of interest in the cranium and mandible of G. stehlini GAST492-22
     Item: 
      Title: Supplementary material 5
      Children: 
       Item: 
        Title: Results from the nanoindentation arrays on the areas of interest in the cranium and mandible of G. stehlini (040322-1)
     Item: 
      Title: Supplementary material 6
      Children: 
       Item: 
        Title: Results from the nanoindentation arrays on the areas of interest in the cranium and mandible of G. stehlini (040322-3)
     Item: 
      Title: Supplementary material 7
      Children: 
       Item: 
        Title: Results of all statistical tests performed with the complete dataset comprising 39,284 measurements per area across all species
     Item: 
      Title: Supplementary material 8
      Children: 
       Item: 
        Title: Scripts for the statistical analysis of data in R, including those used for the two linear mixed models (LMM1 and LMM2) and for the descriptive statistics applied in the methodology
     Item: 
      Title: Supplementary material 9
      Children: 
       Item: 
        Title: Supplementary text, figures and tables
   Info: 
    Title: Lizards under pressure: skull nanoindentation in an insular reptile for palaeobiological inference
    Author: Author
    Subject: Computational approaches are increasingly used to study the relationship between form and function in extinct and living organisms. However, one major challenge remains: assumptions about bone material properties, especially when studying fossils. In this work, direct mechanical testing and computer-based modelling are combined to assess cranial bone stiffness in the lizard genus Gallotia, endemic to the Canary Islands (Spain), including extinct species. Using linear mixed models, bone stiffness was found to be uniform across skull regions, with a trend towards lower stiffness in larger species. Simulations of biting loads showed that differences in bone properties had a limited influence on mechanical performance, supporting the use of average values in functional models. Using this framework, bone stiffness in extinct Gallotia giants was estimated, and its significance was explored. The results suggest a link between skull flexibility, body size, and diet, offering a practical approach to reconstructing biomechanical traits in extinct vertebrates across evolutionary timescales.
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               <rdf:li xml:lang="x-default">Computational approaches are increasingly used to study the relationship between form and function in extinct and living organisms. However, one major challenge remains: assumptions about bone material properties, especially when studying fossils. In this work, direct mechanical testing and computer-based modelling are combined to assess cranial bone stiffness in the lizard genus Gallotia, endemic to the Canary Islands (Spain), including extinct species. Using linear mixed models, bone stiffness was found to be uniform across skull regions, with a trend towards lower stiffness in larger species. Simulations of biting loads showed that differences in bone properties had a limited influence on mechanical performance, supporting the use of average values in functional models. Using this framework, bone stiffness in extinct Gallotia giants was estimated, and its significance was explored. The results suggest a link between skull flexibility, body size, and diet, offering a practical approach to reconstructing biomechanical traits in extinct vertebrates across evolutionary timescales.</rdf:li>
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