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     Item: 
      Title: Synergies and Welfare Effects of Combining Carbon Pricing and Renewable-Energy Policies: A Meta-Analysis
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       Item: 
        Title: Abstract
       Item: 
        Title: 1 Introduction
       Item: 
        Title: 2 Search and Selection of Studies
       Item: 
        Title: 3 Synergy Estimates
       Item: 
        Title: 4 Descriptive Results
        Children: 
         Item: 
          Title: 4.1 Policy Instruments
         Item: 
          Title: 4.2 Model Type
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          Title: 4.3 Optimization and Time Horizon
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          Title: 4.4 Geography and Policy Coverage
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          Title: 4.5 Estimates of Emissions-Reduction Synergy
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          Title: 4.6 Welfare Benefits from Instrument Combination
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        Title: 5 Regression Analysis
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        Title: 6 Discussion
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         Item: 
          Title: 6.1 Emissions-Reduction Synergy
         Item: 
          Title: 6.2 Welfare Effects
         Item: 
          Title: 6.3 Ex-post Studies
       Item: 
        Title: 7 Conclusions
       Item: 
        Title: References
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       Contents: 1 1  As an example, the European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists “Statement of 2019 ( https://www.eaere.org/statement/ ), “proposed for endorsement to the whole community of economists in Europe and worldwide” reads: ‘Economists encourage the emergence of a global carbon price”, as’carbon price is the most cost-effective lever to reduce carbon emissions’.
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       Contents: 2 2  REN21 Renewables Global State Report, available at https:   //w ww.re n21 .n et/wp-c ontent/ up lo ad s/2019/ 05/ G SR2022 _Full_Report.pdf
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       Contents: 3 3  From the 5 not detected, 3 are unpublished papers (Abrell and Weigt 2008 , Morris 2009 , and Böhringer and Rosendahl 2011 ). One paper, van den Bergh et al. ( 2013 ), by what appears to be a technical error, does not have a searchable full text. The fifth paper, Boeters and Koornneef ( 2011 ), uses the unusual expression ‘carbon policy’ to refer to carbon pricing instruments and thus was not captured by our search.
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       Contents: 4 4  For example, papers identified often reported quantitative estimates and looked at a combination of instru ­ ments but without explicit mention of these in the abstract.
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       Contents: 5 5  About two thirds of full texts were downloaded manually. For time efficiency, we excluded at this stage any papers we could verify from a quick glance were not suitable - e.g., they were not in english, they were about a different topic, they had no quantitative results or they were book chapters as opposed to academic articles.
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       Contents: 7 7  For example, Böhringer et al. ( 2009 ) generate three synergy estimates, using three different computable general equilibrium models. Choi and Thomas ( 2012 ) provide two estimates of synergy, one where the emission cap is implemented with emission allowances and one without. Fagiani et al. ( 2014 ) also provide two estimates of synergy, one where the renewable-energy incentive is a green certificate market and one where it is an feed-in tariff. Liu et al. ( 2018 ), De Jonghe et al. ( 2009 ) and van den Bergh et al. ( 2013 ) pro ­ vide two estimates of synergy, one with a carbon tax and another with a carbon quota. Liu and Wei ( 2016 ) provide two estimates of synergy, one where the emissions trading schemes implemented by two regions are independent and one where they are integrated. Arnette ( 2017 ) and Arnette and Zobel ( 2011 ) undertake multi-objective linear optimization and generate multiple synergy estimates (3 and 5, respectively) using distinct sets of weights for objectives. We extract two estimates from Boeters and Koornneef ( 2011 ), one with inefficient pre-existing fossil fuel subsidies and one without. Dai et al. ( 2018 ) generate three synergy estimates as well, one with a uniform carbon pricing, one without any carbon trading, and one with only partial sectoral coverage.
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