16a581086f9e4497a9b2a9fd831b43fb govsoleurlab_a2026c1p17.pdf e834412ba5606babbd3e26a7057d9f5866a77e84 govsoleurlab_a2026c1p17.pdf 9f15cc15a18c2ff15c677e4ce81bf27288396e02aef0c529f5ebe0eb2ecb23c5 govsoleurlab_a2026c1p17.pdf Title: Governing Solidarity in European Labour Markets: Atypical Employment and Minimum Wage Reform in Spain and Portugal Subject: Across Western Europe, the rise of atypical employment has deepened insiderâ••outsider divides. This book asks why two structurally similar countries â•• Portugal and Spain â•• pursued different routes to reduce labour market segmentation following the conclusion of the sovereign debt crisis. It argues that the composition of the governing social bloc drives the orientation of reform, while the choice of decision-making arena (parliamentary law-making versus tripartite social concertation) and the EUâ••s evolving social governance shape the breadth and depth of reform.Building on the distinction between competitive and inclusive solidarity, the book compares four domains: employment protection and collective bargaining; statutory minimum wages; regulation of ride-hailing platforms in passenger transport; and the regularisation of precarious public sector work. The analysis covers Portugalâ••s progressive cycle (2015â••2021) and Spainâ••s coalition years (2019â••2025), drawing on elite interviews, content analysis of parliamentary debates and media coverage, and official documents. The findings reveal a targeted, outsider-focussed strategy in Portugal and a more universal re-regulation in Spain.Governing Solidarity offers a fresh framework and rich evidence for scholars of political economy and industrial relations, as well as advanced students and policymakers confronting labour market segmentation. Keywords: Comparative political economy; Labour market solidarity; Platform work and precarious work; Labour market segmentation; Atypical employment; Comparative employment relations; Contemporary labour markets; "Employment protection, collective bargaining" Author: Edited by Paulo Marques, ; Rui Branco, ; Óscar Molina; and Renato Miguel Carmo Creator: Adobe InDesign 15.1 (Windows) Producer: Adobe PDF Library 15.0 CreationDate: Wed Mar 23 11:01:20 2016 CET ModDate: Mon Feb 16 17:43:36 2026 CET Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: yes Tagged: yes UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 21 Encrypted: no Page size: 442.205 x 663.307 pts Page rot: 0 File size: 8398915 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- KEOHCZ+SabonLTPro-Roman Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 443 0 XIAHCZ+SabonLTPro-Bold Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 453 0 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This book asks why two structurally similar countries – Portugal and Spain – pursued different routes to reduce labour market segmentation following the conclusion of the sovereign debt crisis. It argues that the composition of the governing social bloc drives the orientation of reform, while the choice of decision-making arena (parliamentary law-making versus tripartite social concertation) and the EU’s evolving social governance shape the breadth and depth of reform.Building on the distinction between competitive and inclusive solidarity, the book compares four domains: employment protection and collective bargaining; statutory minimum wages; regulation of ride-hailing platforms in passenger transport; and the regularisation of precarious public sector work. The analysis covers Portugal’s progressive cycle (2015–2021) and Spain’s coalition years (2019–2025), drawing on elite interviews, content analysis of parliamentary debates and media coverage, and official documents. The findings reveal a targeted, outsider-focussed strategy in Portugal and a more universal re-regulation in Spain.Governing Solidarity offers a fresh framework and rich evidence for scholars of political economy and industrial relations, as well as advanced students and policymakers confronting labour market segmentation. © 2026 selection and editorial matter, Paulo Marques, Rui Branco, Óscar Molina and Renato Miguel Carmo; individual chapters, the contributors Comparative political economy Labour market solidarity Platform work and precarious work Labour market segmentation Atypical employment Comparative employment relations Contemporary labour markets Employment protection, collective bargaining True Adobe PDF Library 15.0 Unknown Comparative political economy; Labour market solidarity; Platform work and precarious work; Labour market segmentation; Atypical employment; Comparative employment relations; Contemporary labour markets; "Employment protection, collective bargaining" 1 26459 AAAAAA== Pages: Page: Sequence: 1 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: DOI: 10.4324/9781003519874-2 Rect: 230, 57, 385, 45 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: This chapter has been made available under a CC BY-NC-ND license. 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ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Benassi, 2017 Rect: 155, 85, 215, 73 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Holst, 2014 Rect: 220, 85, 272, 73 ActionDest: 1 Page: Sequence: 13 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Tsakalotos (2004) Rect: 338, 564, 385, 552 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Tsakalotos (2004) Rect: 56, 552, 85, 540 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Rubery et al. (2016 Rect: 330, 528, 385, 516 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Rubery et al. (2016 Rect: 56, 516, 82, 504 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Emmenegger (2009 Rect: 56, 456, 140, 444 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Marques and Fonseca (2022) Rect: 139, 300, 269, 288 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Howell, 2001 Rect: 258, 204, 319, 192 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Piazza, 2001 Rect: 326, 204, 382, 192 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Schwander, 2018 Rect: 100, 96, 174, 84 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Rueda, 2007 Rect: 354, 84, 385, 72 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Rueda, 2007 Rect: 56, 72, 78, 60 ActionDest: 1 Page: Sequence: 14 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Hall, 2007 Rect: 92, 576, 140, 564 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Marques and Fonseca, 2022 Rect: 226, 528, 352, 516 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Eichhorst and Marx, 2021 Rect: 324, 492, 385, 480 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Eichhorst and Marx, 2021 Rect: 56, 480, 109, 468 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: 1893 Rect: 229, 157, 252, 145 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: 1893 Rect: 246, 121, 268, 109 ActionDest: 1 Page: Sequence: 15 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Table 1.1), since employers are the principal actors pushing for deregulation (commodifica-tion of labour), which affects those on standard and atypical contracts alike. Workers resist this by demanding greater regulation (decommodification of labour) (Polanyi, 1944). Many scholars argue that, unlike in the post‑war era, when employers consented to higher regulation (Korpi, 2006), employers altered their strategies from the 1980s as political, economic, and social conditions changed (Glyn, 2006; Streeck, 2009; Baccaro and Howell, 2017). This understanding of solidarity rests on three pillars: interdependence among workers; intensifying conflict between workers and employers in con-temporary capitalism; and de‑segmentation as re‑regulating the entire labour market (strengthening traditional institutions such as employment protection legislation, passive labour market policies, and collective bargaining).It follows that the greater the interdependence, the more likely solidarity across segments becomes. Interdependence is greater where atypical employ-ment is more prevalent. It is also reinforced where the professional activities of precarious and permanent workers are closely connected –​ as can occur in public administration or industry when precarious and permanent workers operate side by side –​ thereby fostering interdependence between the two segments.Inclusive Solidarity: SummaryThe starting point for this conception of solidarity is that, although labour markets are segmented, this does not necessarily imply that workers’ interests are contradictory. Indeed, owing to their interdependence, deregulatory policies affecting workers with atypical contracts inevitably also affect the conditions of those with permanent contracts (and vice versa). Labour market segmentation is not a stable equilibrium but a phase within a broader pro-cess of labour market flexibilisation. Furthermore, this ideal type rejects the notion of a conflict among labour market regulatory tools. What is needed is the strengthening of traditional institutions –​ such as employment protection legislation (for both permanent and temporary contracts), passive labour market policies, and collective bargaining –​ which benefits both precarious and standard workers. From this perspective, the key conflict in contem-porary capitalism is between workers and employers: employers push for market expansion (deregulation), whereas workers demand stronger regula-tion. We call this inclusive solidarity because market expansion is ruled out (in contrast to competitive solidarity). Less labour market liberalisation is the best strategy for addressing growing labour market inequalities (Glyn, 2006 Rect: 311, 348, 353, 336 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Table 1.1), since employers are the principal actors pushing for deregulation (commodifica-tion of labour), which affects those on standard and atypical contracts alike. Workers resist this by demanding greater regulation (decommodification of labour) (Polanyi, 1944). Many scholars argue that, unlike in the post‑war era, when employers consented to higher regulation (Korpi, 2006), employers altered their strategies from the 1980s as political, economic, and social conditions changed (Glyn, 2006; Streeck, 2009; Baccaro and Howell, 2017). This understanding of solidarity rests on three pillars: interdependence among workers; intensifying conflict between workers and employers in con-temporary capitalism; and de‑segmentation as re‑regulating the entire labour market (strengthening traditional institutions such as employment protection legislation, passive labour market policies, and collective bargaining).It follows that the greater the interdependence, the more likely solidarity across segments becomes. Interdependence is greater where atypical employ-ment is more prevalent. It is also reinforced where the professional activities of precarious and permanent workers are closely connected –​ as can occur in public administration or industry when precarious and permanent workers operate side by side –​ thereby fostering interdependence between the two segments.Inclusive Solidarity: SummaryThe starting point for this conception of solidarity is that, although labour markets are segmented, this does not necessarily imply that workers’ interests are contradictory. Indeed, owing to their interdependence, deregulatory policies affecting workers with atypical contracts inevitably also affect the conditions of those with permanent contracts (and vice versa). Labour market segmentation is not a stable equilibrium but a phase within a broader pro-cess of labour market flexibilisation. Furthermore, this ideal type rejects the notion of a conflict among labour market regulatory tools. What is needed is the strengthening of traditional institutions –​ such as employment protection legislation (for both permanent and temporary contracts), passive labour market policies, and collective bargaining –​ which benefits both precarious and standard workers. From this perspective, the key conflict in contem-porary capitalism is between workers and employers: employers push for market expansion (deregulation), whereas workers demand stronger regula-tion. We call this inclusive solidarity because market expansion is ruled out (in contrast to competitive solidarity). Less labour market liberalisation is the best strategy for addressing growing labour market inequalities (Glyn, 2006 Rect: 95, 300, 156, 288 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Table 1.1), since employers are the principal actors pushing for deregulation (commodifica-tion of labour), which affects those on standard and atypical contracts alike. Workers resist this by demanding greater regulation (decommodification of labour) (Polanyi, 1944). Many scholars argue that, unlike in the post‑war era, when employers consented to higher regulation (Korpi, 2006), employers altered their strategies from the 1980s as political, economic, and social conditions changed (Glyn, 2006; Streeck, 2009; Baccaro and Howell, 2017). This understanding of solidarity rests on three pillars: interdependence among workers; intensifying conflict between workers and employers in con-temporary capitalism; and de‑segmentation as re‑regulating the entire labour market (strengthening traditional institutions such as employment protection legislation, passive labour market policies, and collective bargaining).It follows that the greater the interdependence, the more likely solidarity across segments becomes. Interdependence is greater where atypical employ-ment is more prevalent. It is also reinforced where the professional activities of precarious and permanent workers are closely connected –​ as can occur in public administration or industry when precarious and permanent workers operate side by side –​ thereby fostering interdependence between the two segments.Inclusive Solidarity: SummaryThe starting point for this conception of solidarity is that, although labour markets are segmented, this does not necessarily imply that workers’ interests are contradictory. Indeed, owing to their interdependence, deregulatory policies affecting workers with atypical contracts inevitably also affect the conditions of those with permanent contracts (and vice versa). Labour market segmentation is not a stable equilibrium but a phase within a broader pro-cess of labour market flexibilisation. Furthermore, this ideal type rejects the notion of a conflict among labour market regulatory tools. What is needed is the strengthening of traditional institutions –​ such as employment protection legislation (for both permanent and temporary contracts), passive labour market policies, and collective bargaining –​ which benefits both precarious and standard workers. From this perspective, the key conflict in contem-porary capitalism is between workers and employers: employers push for market expansion (deregulation), whereas workers demand stronger regula-tion. We call this inclusive solidarity because market expansion is ruled out (in contrast to competitive solidarity). Less labour market liberalisation is the best strategy for addressing growing labour market inequalities (Glyn, 2006 Rect: 281, 288, 333, 276 ActionDest: 1 Page: Sequence: 16 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Table 1.1), since employers are the principal actors pushing for deregulation (commodifica-tion of labour), which affects those on standard and atypical contracts alike. Workers resist this by demanding greater regulation (decommodification of labour) (Polanyi, 1944). Many scholars argue that, unlike in the post‑war era, when employers consented to higher regulation (Korpi, 2006), employers altered their strategies from the 1980s as political, economic, and social conditions changed (Glyn, 2006; Streeck, 2009; Baccaro and Howell, 2017). This understanding of solidarity rests on three pillars: interdependence among workers; intensifying conflict between workers and employers in con-temporary capitalism; and de‑segmentation as re‑regulating the entire labour market (strengthening traditional institutions such as employment protection legislation, passive labour market policies, and collective bargaining).It follows that the greater the interdependence, the more likely solidarity across segments becomes. Interdependence is greater where atypical employ-ment is more prevalent. It is also reinforced where the professional activities of precarious and permanent workers are closely connected –​ as can occur in public administration or industry when precarious and permanent workers operate side by side –​ thereby fostering interdependence between the two segments.Inclusive Solidarity: SummaryThe starting point for this conception of solidarity is that, although labour markets are segmented, this does not necessarily imply that workers’ interests are contradictory. Indeed, owing to their interdependence, deregulatory policies affecting workers with atypical contracts inevitably also affect the conditions of those with permanent contracts (and vice versa). Labour market segmentation is not a stable equilibrium but a phase within a broader pro-cess of labour market flexibilisation. Furthermore, this ideal type rejects the notion of a conflict among labour market regulatory tools. What is needed is the strengthening of traditional institutions –​ such as employment protection legislation (for both permanent and temporary contracts), passive labour market policies, and collective bargaining –​ which benefits both precarious and standard workers. From this perspective, the key conflict in contem-porary capitalism is between workers and employers: employers push for market expansion (deregulation), whereas workers demand stronger regula-tion. We call this inclusive solidarity because market expansion is ruled out (in contrast to competitive solidarity). Less labour market liberalisation is the best strategy for addressing growing labour market inequalities (Glyn, 2006 Rect: 145, 600, 194, 588 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Table 1.1), since employers are the principal actors pushing for deregulation (commodifica-tion of labour), which affects those on standard and atypical contracts alike. Workers resist this by demanding greater regulation (decommodification of labour) (Polanyi, 1944). Many scholars argue that, unlike in the post‑war era, when employers consented to higher regulation (Korpi, 2006), employers altered their strategies from the 1980s as political, economic, and social conditions changed (Glyn, 2006; Streeck, 2009; Baccaro and Howell, 2017). This understanding of solidarity rests on three pillars: interdependence among workers; intensifying conflict between workers and employers in con-temporary capitalism; and de‑segmentation as re‑regulating the entire labour market (strengthening traditional institutions such as employment protection legislation, passive labour market policies, and collective bargaining).It follows that the greater the interdependence, the more likely solidarity across segments becomes. Interdependence is greater where atypical employ-ment is more prevalent. It is also reinforced where the professional activities of precarious and permanent workers are closely connected –​ as can occur in public administration or industry when precarious and permanent workers operate side by side –​ thereby fostering interdependence between the two segments.Inclusive Solidarity: SummaryThe starting point for this conception of solidarity is that, although labour markets are segmented, this does not necessarily imply that workers’ interests are contradictory. Indeed, owing to their interdependence, deregulatory policies affecting workers with atypical contracts inevitably also affect the conditions of those with permanent contracts (and vice versa). Labour market segmentation is not a stable equilibrium but a phase within a broader pro-cess of labour market flexibilisation. Furthermore, this ideal type rejects the notion of a conflict among labour market regulatory tools. What is needed is the strengthening of traditional institutions –​ such as employment protection legislation (for both permanent and temporary contracts), passive labour market policies, and collective bargaining –​ which benefits both precarious and standard workers. From this perspective, the key conflict in contem-porary capitalism is between workers and employers: employers push for market expansion (deregulation), whereas workers demand stronger regula-tion. We call this inclusive solidarity because market expansion is ruled out (in contrast to competitive solidarity). Less labour market liberalisation is the best strategy for addressing growing labour market inequalities (Glyn, 2006 Rect: 200, 600, 258, 588 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Table 1.1), since employers are the principal actors pushing for deregulation (commodifica-tion of labour), which affects those on standard and atypical contracts alike. Workers resist this by demanding greater regulation (decommodification of labour) (Polanyi, 1944). Many scholars argue that, unlike in the post‑war era, when employers consented to higher regulation (Korpi, 2006), employers altered their strategies from the 1980s as political, economic, and social conditions changed (Glyn, 2006; Streeck, 2009; Baccaro and Howell, 2017). This understanding of solidarity rests on three pillars: interdependence among workers; intensifying conflict between workers and employers in con-temporary capitalism; and de‑segmentation as re‑regulating the entire labour market (strengthening traditional institutions such as employment protection legislation, passive labour market policies, and collective bargaining).It follows that the greater the interdependence, the more likely solidarity across segments becomes. Interdependence is greater where atypical employ-ment is more prevalent. It is also reinforced where the professional activities of precarious and permanent workers are closely connected –​ as can occur in public administration or industry when precarious and permanent workers operate side by side –​ thereby fostering interdependence between the two segments.Inclusive Solidarity: SummaryThe starting point for this conception of solidarity is that, although labour markets are segmented, this does not necessarily imply that workers’ interests are contradictory. Indeed, owing to their interdependence, deregulatory policies affecting workers with atypical contracts inevitably also affect the conditions of those with permanent contracts (and vice versa). Labour market segmentation is not a stable equilibrium but a phase within a broader pro-cess of labour market flexibilisation. Furthermore, this ideal type rejects the notion of a conflict among labour market regulatory tools. What is needed is the strengthening of traditional institutions –​ such as employment protection legislation (for both permanent and temporary contracts), passive labour market policies, and collective bargaining –​ which benefits both precarious and standard workers. From this perspective, the key conflict in contem-porary capitalism is between workers and employers: employers push for market expansion (deregulation), whereas workers demand stronger regula-tion. We call this inclusive solidarity because market expansion is ruled out (in contrast to competitive solidarity). Less labour market liberalisation is the best strategy for addressing growing labour market inequalities (Glyn, 2006 Rect: 264, 600, 379, 588 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Table 1.1), since employers are the principal actors pushing for deregulation (commodifica-tion of labour), which affects those on standard and atypical contracts alike. Workers resist this by demanding greater regulation (decommodification of labour) (Polanyi, 1944). Many scholars argue that, unlike in the post‑war era, when employers consented to higher regulation (Korpi, 2006), employers altered their strategies from the 1980s as political, economic, and social conditions changed (Glyn, 2006; Streeck, 2009; Baccaro and Howell, 2017). This understanding of solidarity rests on three pillars: interdependence among workers; intensifying conflict between workers and employers in con-temporary capitalism; and de‑segmentation as re‑regulating the entire labour market (strengthening traditional institutions such as employment protection legislation, passive labour market policies, and collective bargaining).It follows that the greater the interdependence, the more likely solidarity across segments becomes. Interdependence is greater where atypical employ-ment is more prevalent. It is also reinforced where the professional activities of precarious and permanent workers are closely connected –​ as can occur in public administration or industry when precarious and permanent workers operate side by side –​ thereby fostering interdependence between the two segments.Inclusive Solidarity: SummaryThe starting point for this conception of solidarity is that, although labour markets are segmented, this does not necessarily imply that workers’ interests are contradictory. Indeed, owing to their interdependence, deregulatory policies affecting workers with atypical contracts inevitably also affect the conditions of those with permanent contracts (and vice versa). Labour market segmentation is not a stable equilibrium but a phase within a broader pro-cess of labour market flexibilisation. Furthermore, this ideal type rejects the notion of a conflict among labour market regulatory tools. What is needed is the strengthening of traditional institutions –​ such as employment protection legislation (for both permanent and temporary contracts), passive labour market policies, and collective bargaining –​ which benefits both precarious and standard workers. From this perspective, the key conflict in contem-porary capitalism is between workers and employers: employers push for market expansion (deregulation), whereas workers demand stronger regula-tion. We call this inclusive solidarity because market expansion is ruled out (in contrast to competitive solidarity). Less labour market liberalisation is the best strategy for addressing growing labour market inequalities (Glyn, 2006 Rect: 333, 217, 382, 205 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Streeck, 2009 Rect: 56, 205, 115, 193 ActionDest: 1 Page: Sequence: 17 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Hay, 2020 Rect: 271, 600, 317, 588 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Chapter 2 Rect: 68, 540, 113, 528 ActionDest: null Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Chapter 2 Rect: 96, 432, 139, 420 ActionDest: null Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Alesina A. Rect: 56, 361, 95, 350 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: https://​voxeu.org/​arti​cle/​why-​left-​sho​uld-​learn-​love-​lib​eral​ism Rect: 116, 350, 355, 339 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Armingeon K. Rect: 56, 339, 111, 328 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Baccaro L. Rect: 56, 317, 98, 306 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Baccaro L. Rect: 56, 295, 97, 284 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Bekker S Rect: 56, 273, 97, 262 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Benassi C Rect: 56, 251, 94, 240 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Blanchard O Rect: 56, 229, 107, 218 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Bonoli G. Rect: 56, 207, 94, 196 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Bonoli G. Rect: 56, 174, 96, 163 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Cantillon B. Rect: 56, 152, 103, 141 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Cantillon B. Rect: 56, 119, 103, 108 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Carver L. Rect: 56, 97, 95, 86 ActionDest: 1 Page: Sequence: 18 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Davidsson J. Rect: 56, 600, 108, 589 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Doellgast V. Rect: 56, 567, 104, 556 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Doeringer P. Rect: 56, 534, 104, 523 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Dorigatti L Rect: 56, 512, 101, 501 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Durkheim E Rect: 56, 490, 103, 479 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Eichhorst W. Rect: 56, 479, 106, 468 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Emmenegger P Rect: 56, 446, 115, 435 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Emmenegger P. Rect: 56, 413, 116, 402 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Esping-​Andersen G Rect: 56, 380, 133, 369 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Esping-​Andersen G. Rect: 56, 358, 134, 347 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Estevez-​Abe M. Rect: 56, 336, 117, 325 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: European Commission Rect: 56, 292, 145, 281 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Eurostat Rect: 56, 270, 89, 259 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: https://​ec.eur​opa.eu/​euros​tat/​data​brow​ser/​view/​lfsa_​etpg​an_​_​cust​om_​1​8044​211/​defa​ult/​table Rect: 255, 270, 385, 259 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: https://​ec.eur​opa.eu/​euros​tat/​data​brow​ser/​view/​lfsa_​etpg​an_​_​cust​om_​1​8044​211/​defa​ult/​table Rect: 65, 259, 296, 248 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Ferrera M Rect: 56, 248, 97, 237 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Giddens A Rect: 56, 226, 98, 215 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Glyn A Rect: 56, 204, 89, 193 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Grimshaw D. Rect: 56, 182, 110, 171 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Hall P. Rect: 56, 149, 84, 138 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Hall P. Rect: 56, 105, 83, 94 ActionDest: 1 Page: Sequence: 19 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Häusermann S. Rect: 56, 600, 116, 589 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Häusermann S. Rect: 56, 567, 115, 556 ActionDest: External Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Hay C Rect: 56, 534, 83, 523 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Hayek F Rect: 56, 512, 88, 501 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Hemerijck A Rect: 56, 501, 110, 490 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Holst H Rect: 56, 479, 87, 468 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Howell C Rect: 56, 457, 94, 446 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Howell D Rect: 56, 435, 98, 424 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Jenson J. Rect: 56, 413, 91, 402 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Keune M. Rect: 56, 391, 96, 380 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Kornelakis A Rect: 56, 369, 107, 358 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Korpi W Rect: 56, 336, 92, 325 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Lindbeck A. Rect: 56, 303, 103, 292 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Lindbeck A. Rect: 56, 281, 105, 270 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Lister R. Rect: 56, 259, 91, 248 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Madsen P. K. Rect: 56, 226, 111, 215 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Marques P. Rect: 56, 204, 100, 193 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Marques P. Rect: 56, 182, 102, 171 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Marques P. Rect: 56, 149, 102, 138 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Marques P. Rect: 56, 105, 100, 94 ActionDest: 1 Page: Sequence: 20 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Morel N. 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Rect: 56, 424, 94, 413 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Rueda D Rect: 56, 391, 90, 380 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Rueda D Rect: 56, 369, 91, 358 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Rueda D Rect: 56, 347, 92, 336 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Schwander H Rect: 56, 325, 110, 314 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Streeck W. Rect: 56, 292, 97, 281 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Streeck W Rect: 56, 248, 97, 237 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Streeck W Rect: 56, 226, 97, 215 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Taylor-​Gooby P Rect: 56, 204, 120, 193 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Thelen K Rect: 56, 182, 91, 171 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Tsakalotos E Rect: 56, 160, 109, 149 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Van Kersbergen K. Rect: 56, 138, 129, 127 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Van Oorschot W. Rect: 56, 116, 120, 105 ActionDest: 1 Page: Sequence: 21 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Viebrock E. Rect: 56, 600, 103, 589 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Wilthagen T. Rect: 56, 578, 106, 567 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Wren A Rect: 56, 556, 86, 545 ActionDest: 1 Checksum: 13c36514 Type: CRC32 Checksum: 16a581086f9e4497a9b2a9fd831b43fb Type: MD5 Checksum: e834412ba5606babbd3e26a7057d9f5866a77e84 Type: SHA-1 Checksum: 9f15cc15a18c2ff15c677e4ce81bf27288396e02aef0c529f5ebe0eb2ecb23c5 Type: SHA-256