10dc1f613db76b28076c71a2a63d0206 govsoleurlab_a2026c4p90.pdf 143b4f9ce265c61a2975fa0b00a0b8b1bff2d8c5 govsoleurlab_a2026c4p90.pdf f91bf81400695b721d3d023d290eb6f7bde190ba50a50a29eb7cae770172d648 govsoleurlab_a2026c4p90.pdf Title: Governing Solidarity in European Labour Markets: Atypical Employment and Minimum Wage Reform in Spain and Portugal Subject: Across Western Europe, the rise of atypical employment has deepened insiderâ••outsider divides. This book asks why two structurally similar countries â•• Portugal and Spain â•• pursued different routes to reduce labour market segmentation following the conclusion of the sovereign debt crisis. It argues that the composition of the governing social bloc drives the orientation of reform, while the choice of decision-making arena (parliamentary law-making versus tripartite social concertation) and the EUâ••s evolving social governance shape the breadth and depth of reform.Building on the distinction between competitive and inclusive solidarity, the book compares four domains: employment protection and collective bargaining; statutory minimum wages; regulation of ride-hailing platforms in passenger transport; and the regularisation of precarious public sector work. The analysis covers Portugalâ••s progressive cycle (2015â••2021) and Spainâ••s coalition years (2019â••2025), drawing on elite interviews, content analysis of parliamentary debates and media coverage, and official documents. The findings reveal a targeted, outsider-focussed strategy in Portugal and a more universal re-regulation in Spain.Governing Solidarity offers a fresh framework and rich evidence for scholars of political economy and industrial relations, as well as advanced students and policymakers confronting labour market segmentation. Keywords: Comparative political economy; Labour market solidarity; Platform work and precarious work; Labour market segmentation; Atypical employment; Comparative employment relations; Contemporary labour markets; "Employment protection, collective bargaining" Author: Edited by Paulo Marques, ; Rui Branco, ; Óscar Molina; and Renato Miguel Carmo Creator: Adobe InDesign 15.1 (Windows) Producer: Adobe PDF Library 15.0 CreationDate: Wed Mar 23 11:01:20 2016 CET ModDate: Mon Feb 16 17:43:36 2026 CET Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: yes Tagged: yes UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 25 Encrypted: no Page size: 442.205 x 663.307 pts Page rot: 0 File size: 11245602 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- KEOHCZ+SabonLTPro-Roman Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 443 0 XIAHCZ+SabonLTPro-Bold Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 453 0 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employment has deepened insider–outsider divides. This book asks why two structurally similar countries – Portugal and Spain – pursued different routes to reduce labour market segmentation following the conclusion of the sovereign debt crisis. It argues that the composition of the governing social bloc drives the orientation of reform, while the choice of decision-making arena (parliamentary law-making versus tripartite social concertation) and the EU’s evolving social governance shape the breadth and depth of reform.Building on the distinction between competitive and inclusive solidarity, the book compares four domains: employment protection and collective bargaining; statutory minimum wages; regulation of ride-hailing platforms in passenger transport; and the regularisation of precarious public sector work. The analysis covers Portugal’s progressive cycle (2015–2021) and Spain’s coalition years (2019–2025), drawing on elite interviews, content analysis of parliamentary debates and media coverage, and official documents. The findings reveal a targeted, outsider-focussed strategy in Portugal and a more universal re-regulation in Spain.Governing Solidarity offers a fresh framework and rich evidence for scholars of political economy and industrial relations, as well as advanced students and policymakers confronting labour market segmentation. © 2026 selection and editorial matter, Paulo Marques, Rui Branco, Óscar Molina and Renato Miguel Carmo; individual chapters, the contributors Comparative political economy Labour market solidarity Platform work and precarious work Labour market segmentation Atypical employment Comparative employment relations Contemporary labour markets Employment protection, collective bargaining True Adobe PDF Library 15.0 Unknown Comparative political economy; Labour market solidarity; Platform work and precarious work; Labour market segmentation; Atypical employment; Comparative employment relations; Contemporary labour markets; "Employment protection, collective bargaining" 1 26459 AAAAAA== Pages: Page: Sequence: 1 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: DOI: 10.4324/9781003519874-5 Rect: 56, 57, 211, 45 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: This chapter has been made available under a CC BY-NC-ND license. Rect: 56, 45, 357, 33 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: 1 Rect: 229, 387, 232, 375 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Chapters 1 Rect: 263, 339, 309, 327 ActionDest: null Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: 2 Rect: 330, 339, 335, 327 ActionDest: null Page: Sequence: 2 Page: Sequence: 3 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Grimshaw and Bosch (2013) Rect: 254, 588, 385, 576 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Dingeldey et al. (2021) Rect: 342, 576, 385, 564 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Dingeldey et al. (2021) Rect: 56, 564, 112, 552 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Picot’s (2023) Rect: 357, 384, 385, 372 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Picot’s (2023) Rect: 56, 372, 85, 360 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Dingeldey et al. (2021) Rect: 287, 228, 385, 216 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Table 4.1 Rect: 161, 72, 202, 60 ActionDest: 1 Page: Sequence: 4 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Picot, 2023 Rect: 171, 287, 182, 262 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Picot, 2023 Rect: 181, 199, 192, 179 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Dingeldey et al., 2021 Rect: 161, 537, 172, 451 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Molina, 2021 Rect: 161, 575, 172, 542 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Molina, 2021 Rect: 171, 468, 182, 448 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Eurofound, 2025 Rect: 231, 518, 242, 451 ActionDest: 1 Rotate: 90 Page: Sequence: 5 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Afonso, 2019 Rect: 60, 552, 119, 540 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Molina, 2021 Rect: 157, 540, 218, 528 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Campos Lima and Naumann, 2011 Rect: 115, 420, 282, 408 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Campos Lima, 2019 Rect: 60, 384, 149, 372 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Afonso, 2019 Rect: 155, 384, 215, 372 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Molina, 2021 Rect: 221, 384, 281, 372 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Molina, 2021 Rect: 350, 360, 385, 348 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Molina, 2021 Rect: 56, 348, 79, 336 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Afonso, 2019 Rect: 110, 312, 170, 300 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Campos Lima et al., 2021 Rect: 158, 288, 275, 276 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Dingeldey et al.’s (2021) Rect: 258, 192, 363, 180 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Eurofound, 2025 Rect: 303, 156, 379, 144 ActionDest: 1 Page: Sequence: 6 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Picot, 2023 Rect: 204, 528, 254, 516 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Dingeldey et al., 2021 Rect: 314, 516, 385, 504 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Dingeldey et al., 2021 Rect: 56, 504, 78, 492 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Eurofound, 2025 Rect: 86, 504, 162, 492 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: 2015 Rect: 136, 230, 158, 218 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: 2015 Rect: 73, 146, 95, 134 ActionDest: 1 Page: Sequence: 7 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Figure 4.1 Rect: 130, 576, 175, 564 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Campos Lima and Naumann, 2011). Yet the enterprise was fraught from the outset: the PS had already pledged to the BE a fixed schedule of upratings through 2019, thereby hollowing out the scope for genuine negotiation. Still, the Government secured a concertation pact for the 2016 increase, persuading employers to accept €530 in exchange for a 0.75-​percentage-​point cut in their Social-​Security contribution for minimum-​wage workers, valid for 12 months (the same relief the previous PSD–​CDS-​PP cabinet had promised in 2014–​2015). Even so, the General Confederation of Portuguese Workers (CGTP) stayed outside the deal, and BE and the PCP condemned it as a threat to Social-​Security solvency.2 Rect: 128, 468, 293, 456 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Campos Lima and Naumann, 2011). Yet the enterprise was fraught from the outset: the PS had already pledged to the BE a fixed schedule of upratings through 2019, thereby hollowing out the scope for genuine negotiation. Still, the Government secured a concertation pact for the 2016 increase, persuading employers to accept €530 in exchange for a 0.75-​percentage-​point cut in their Social-​Security contribution for minimum-​wage workers, valid for 12 months (the same relief the previous PSD–​CDS-​PP cabinet had promised in 2014–​2015). Even so, the General Confederation of Portuguese Workers (CGTP) stayed outside the deal, and BE and the PCP condemned it as a threat to Social-​Security solvency.2 Rect: 91, 420, 114, 408 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Campos Lima and Naumann, 2011). Yet the enterprise was fraught from the outset: the PS had already pledged to the BE a fixed schedule of upratings through 2019, thereby hollowing out the scope for genuine negotiation. Still, the Government secured a concertation pact for the 2016 increase, persuading employers to accept €530 in exchange for a 0.75-​percentage-​point cut in their Social-​Security contribution for minimum-​wage workers, valid for 12 months (the same relief the previous PSD–​CDS-​PP cabinet had promised in 2014–​2015). Even so, the General Confederation of Portuguese Workers (CGTP) stayed outside the deal, and BE and the PCP condemned it as a threat to Social-​Security solvency.2 Rect: 363, 360, 366, 348 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: www.dgert.gov.pt/​evolu​cao-​da-​remu​nera​cao-​min​ima-​men​sal-​garant​ida-​rmmg Rect: 322, 80, 385, 70 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: www.dgert.gov.pt/​evolu​cao-​da-​remu​nera​cao-​min​ima-​men​sal-​garant​ida-​rmmg Rect: 56, 71, 260, 61 Page: Sequence: 8 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: Table 4.2 Rect: 233, 492, 274, 480 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: DN, 2015); a year later he declared the confederation ‘unwilling to raise the minimum wage to €600’ without payroll-​tax relief (DN, 2017), and all four organisations accepted €540 only after securing the agreed contribution cut (Expresso, 2016). Saraiva later condemned the December 2020 rise to €665 as ‘untimely,’ warning that firms ‘cannot be pawns in the political game’ and calculating that every €30 added to the floor costs employers €43.40 once ancillary charges are included (DN, 2020). The Confederation of Commerce and Services of Portugal (CCP) likewise voiced persistent reservations and ultimately protested the cumulative increase (Interview 1).Union responses diverged: CGTP rejected every compensation deal, arguing that such trade-​offs ‘encourage firms to cling to the minimum wage, undermine wider pay rises and paralyse collective bargaining’ (Interview 3); whereas UGT-​P accepted the logic, provided upratings were annual and tax credits temporary (Interview 10).Thus, concertation simultaneously legitimised PS wage policy and exposed enduring cleavages, as government, business, and labour each contested the path of Portugal’s post-​2015 minimum-​wage trajectory. Read through Chapter 2 Rect: 151, 444, 195, 432 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: DN, 2015); a year later he declared the confederation ‘unwilling to raise the minimum wage to €600’ without payroll-​tax relief (DN, 2017), and all four organisations accepted €540 only after securing the agreed contribution cut (Expresso, 2016). Saraiva later condemned the December 2020 rise to €665 as ‘untimely,’ warning that firms ‘cannot be pawns in the political game’ and calculating that every €30 added to the floor costs employers €43.40 once ancillary charges are included (DN, 2020). The Confederation of Commerce and Services of Portugal (CCP) likewise voiced persistent reservations and ultimately protested the cumulative increase (Interview 1).Union responses diverged: CGTP rejected every compensation deal, arguing that such trade-​offs ‘encourage firms to cling to the minimum wage, undermine wider pay rises and paralyse collective bargaining’ (Interview 3); whereas UGT-​P accepted the logic, provided upratings were annual and tax credits temporary (Interview 10).Thus, concertation simultaneously legitimised PS wage policy and exposed enduring cleavages, as government, business, and labour each contested the path of Portugal’s post-​2015 minimum-​wage trajectory. Read through Chapter 2 Rect: 60, 420, 105, 408 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: DN, 2015); a year later he declared the confederation ‘unwilling to raise the minimum wage to €600’ without payroll-​tax relief (DN, 2017), and all four organisations accepted €540 only after securing the agreed contribution cut (Expresso, 2016). Saraiva later condemned the December 2020 rise to €665 as ‘untimely,’ warning that firms ‘cannot be pawns in the political game’ and calculating that every €30 added to the floor costs employers €43.40 once ancillary charges are included (DN, 2020). The Confederation of Commerce and Services of Portugal (CCP) likewise voiced persistent reservations and ultimately protested the cumulative increase (Interview 1).Union responses diverged: CGTP rejected every compensation deal, arguing that such trade-​offs ‘encourage firms to cling to the minimum wage, undermine wider pay rises and paralyse collective bargaining’ (Interview 3); whereas UGT-​P accepted the logic, provided upratings were annual and tax credits temporary (Interview 10).Thus, concertation simultaneously legitimised PS wage policy and exposed enduring cleavages, as government, business, and labour each contested the path of Portugal’s post-​2015 minimum-​wage trajectory. Read through Chapter 2 Rect: 183, 408, 250, 396 ActionDest: 1 Page: Sequence: 9 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: DN, 2015); a year later he declared the confederation ‘unwilling to raise the minimum wage to €600’ without payroll-​tax relief (DN, 2017), and all four organisations accepted €540 only after securing the agreed contribution cut (Expresso, 2016). Saraiva later condemned the December 2020 rise to €665 as ‘untimely,’ warning that firms ‘cannot be pawns in the political game’ and calculating that every €30 added to the floor costs employers €43.40 once ancillary charges are included (DN, 2020). The Confederation of Commerce and Services of Portugal (CCP) likewise voiced persistent reservations and ultimately protested the cumulative increase (Interview 1).Union responses diverged: CGTP rejected every compensation deal, arguing that such trade-​offs ‘encourage firms to cling to the minimum wage, undermine wider pay rises and paralyse collective bargaining’ (Interview 3); whereas UGT-​P accepted the logic, provided upratings were annual and tax credits temporary (Interview 10).Thus, concertation simultaneously legitimised PS wage policy and exposed enduring cleavages, as government, business, and labour each contested the path of Portugal’s post-​2015 minimum-​wage trajectory. Read through Chapter 2 Rect: 316, 600, 360, 588 ActionDest: 1 Annotation: Subtype: Link Contents: DN, 2015); a year later he declared the confederation ‘unwilling to raise the minimum wage to €600’ without payroll-​tax relief (DN, 2017), and all four organisations accepted €540 only after securing the agreed contribution cut (Expresso, 2016). Saraiva later condemned the December 2020 rise to €665 as ‘untimely,’ warning that firms ‘cannot be pawns in the political game’ and calculating that every €30 added to the floor costs employers €43.40 once ancillary charges are included (DN, 2020). The Confederation of Commerce and Services of Portugal (CCP) likewise voiced persistent reservations and ultimately protested the cumulative increase (Interview 1).Union responses diverged: CGTP rejected every compensation deal, arguing that such trade-​offs ‘encourage firms to cling to the minimum wage, undermine wider pay rises and paralyse collective bargaining’ (Interview 3); whereas UGT-​P accepted the logic, provided upratings were annual and tax credits temporary (Interview 10).Thus, concertation simultaneously legitimised PS wage policy and exposed enduring cleavages, as government, business, and labour each contested the path of Portugal’s post-​2015 minimum-​wage trajectory. 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