The confusion regarding the relationship between the disorders may be magnified by the emphasis in DSM-III and DSM-III-R on behavioral criteria and their failure to require that antisocial behaviors exist independently of substance abuse. The DSM-III and DSM-III-R formulations of antisocial personality disorder may encompass two subgroups of substance abusers--"true" psychopathic individuals and symptomatic psychopaths with little psychopathy.