Embryonic meristems and cotyledons develop in early August and embryos mature late the same month or September. Seed dispersal usually begins mid-late September and most seeds have been shed by November (Owens and Molder 1977a, b). Similar phenologies have been described for grand fir on southern Vancouver Island (Owens 1984) and for Spanish fir in Spain (Arista and Talvera 1994b).