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Item: Title: Quantitative shortages Item: Title: Qualitative shortages Item: Title: Different approaches to measuring labour shortages Item: Title: Employer-based indicators Item: Title: Volume-based indicators Item: Title: Price-based indicators Item: Title: Indicators of imbalance Item: Title: National-level indicators and data sources Item: Title: Chapter 2: Trend developments in the EU and at national level Item: Title: Trends in shortages at national level Item: Title: Sectors with shortages Item: Title: Occupations with shortages Item: Title: Regions with shortages Item: Title: Impact of COVID-19 on labour shortages Item: Title: Shortages linked to a climate-neutral future and the European Green Deal Item: Title: Socioeconomic consequences of labour shortages Item: Title: Effect on organisations and the whole economy Item: Title: Impact on individuals Item: Title: Social impact Item: Title: Chapter 3: Policy debate on labour shortages Item: Title: Chapter 4: Measures to address labour shortages in the EU Member States Item: Title: Typology of measures to address labour shortages Item: Title: Attracting labour Item: Title: Enhancing the attractiveness of certain sectors Item: Title: Enhancing the attractiveness of living and working conditions in specific regions Item: Title: Policies linked to migration and mobility Item: Title: Improving recruitment strategies at company level Item: Title: Activation of underutilised resources Item: Title: Addressing geographical barriers Item: Title: Addressing work life balance issues Item: Title: Overcoming non-skills-related barriers to labour market entry Item: Title: Enhancing the use of existing labour and retaining workers Item: Title: Improved matching of supply and demand and better matching services Item: Title: Addressing skills mismatches Item: Title: Improving matching systems Item: Title: Better preparation for labour market change Item: Title: Enhancing the use of existing labour through employee sharing Item: Title: Preventing early exit from the labour market Item: Title: Addressing labour shortages arising from COVID-19 Item: Title: Addressing labour shortages linked to a climate-neutral economy Item: Title: Chapter 5: Conclusions and policy pointers Item: Title: References Item: Title: Annex: Network of Eurofound Filters: FilterPipeline: FlateDecode FilterPipeline: JPXDecode Images: Image: NisoImageMetadata: FormatName: image/jpx ImageWidth: 1200 ImageHeight: 675 ColorSpace: CMYK BitsPerSample: 8 BitsPerSampleUnit: integer Filter: JPXDecode Fonts: Type0: Font: BaseFont: GCHIJN+SourceSansPro-Regular Encoding: Identity-H ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: JDCKBA+SourceSansPro-Regular Encoding: Identity-H ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: JDCKBC+SourceSansPro-Italic Encoding: Identity-H ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: JDCKAO+ArialNarrow-Italic Encoding: Identity-H ToUnicode: true Type1: Font: BaseFont: JDCLEA+SourceSansPro-Regular FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 122 FontDescriptor: 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© European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, 2021 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. For any use or reproduction of photos or other material that is not under the Eurofound copyright, permission must be sought directly from the copyright holders. 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