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Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Text Contents: Las políticas de rentas, tienen un coste en términos distributivos. Por una parte suponen una redistribución entre K y L, y po爀 漀琀爀愀 瀀愀爀琀攀Ⰰ 愀昀攀挀琀愀渀 瀀爀漀瀀漀爀挀椀漀渀愀氀洀攀渀琀 洀猀 愀 氀漀猀 琀爀愀戀愀樀愀搀漀爀攀猀 挀漀渀 猀愀氀愀爀椀漀猀 洀猀 戀愀樀漀猩⽍⡄㨲〲㌰㈰㠱ㄲ㈵㌫〱✰〧 Rect: 1, 520, 20, 539 Page: Sequence: 5 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Text Contents: Las políticas de rentas, tienen un coste en términos distributivos. Por una parte suponen una redistribución entre K y L, y po爀 漀琀爀愀 瀀愀爀琀攀Ⰰ 愀昀攀挀琀愀渀 瀀爀漀瀀漀爀挀椀漀渀愀氀洀攀渀琀 洀猀 愀 氀漀猀 琀爀愀戀愀樀愀搀漀爀攀猀 挀漀渀 猀愀氀愀爀椀漀猀 洀猀 戀愀樀漀猩⽍⡄㨲〲㌰㈰㠱ㄲ㈵㌫〱✰〧 Rect: 1, 520, 20, 539 Page: Sequence: 6 Page: Sequence: 7 Page: Sequence: 8 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Text Contents: In fact, most price support measures have not only been untargeted but potentially regressive, with greater benefits for high-椀渀挀漀洀攀 最爀漀甀瀀猀Ⰰ 眀栀漀 挀漀渀猀甀洀攀 洀漀爀攀⸀ 䄀 昀甀爀琀栀攀爀 欀攀礀 愀搀瘀愀渀琀愀最攀 漀昀 琀愀爀最攀琀攀搀 椀渀挀漀洀攀 猀甀瀀瀀漀爀琀 椀猀 琀栀愀琀 椀琀 洀愀椀渀琀愀椀渀猀 椀渀挀攀渀琀椀瘀攀猀 昀漀爀 爀攀搀甀挀椀g demand for expensive goods, including those with a high carbon footprint. By contrast, price subsidies distort price signals 愀渀搀 挀愀渀 昀甀爀琀栀攀爀 攀砀愀挀攀爀戀愀琀攀 猀甀瀀瀀氀礀 戀漀琀琀氀攀渀攀挀欀猀 琀栀愀琀 栀愀瘀攀 琀爀椀最最攀爀攀搀 漀爀 爀攀椀渀昀漀爀挀攀搀 椀渀昀氀愀琀椀漀渀愀爀礀 瀀爀攀猀猀甀爀攀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 瀀氀愀挀攀⸀ 䤀渀搀攀d, when many countries implement energy pricing subsidies at the same time, this tends to bid up prices and benefit energy expo爀琀攀爀猀Ⰰ 爀愀琀栀攀爀 琀栀愀渀 栀漀甀猀攀栀漀氀搀猀 䤀琀 椀猀 愀氀猀漀 渀漀琀椀挀攀愀戀氀攀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀猀 琀漀 愀搀搀爀攀猀猀椀渀最 椀渀昀氀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 攀渀攀爀最礀 瀀爀椀挀攀猀 椀渀挀氀甀搀 measures that could be regarded as countervailing the agenda to transition to renewable energy sources or to save energy. Exam瀀氀攀猀 愀爀攀 琀栀攀 猀甀戀猀椀搀椀攀猀 漀渀 昀甀攀氀 昀漀爀 瀀爀椀瘀愀琀攀 挀愀爀猀 昀漀爀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀Ⰰ 椀渀 倀漀爀琀甀最愀氀Ⰰ 匀瀀愀椀渀 愀渀搀 匀眀攀搀攀渀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 爀攀搀甀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀愀砀攀猀 攀愀爀洀愀爀欀攀搀to finance the transition (in Austria), or benefit schemes that do not necessarily encourage energy-saving measures (such as 瀀爀椀挀攀 挀愀瀀猀⸀
⽍⡄㨲〲㌰㈰㠱ㄲ㈵㐫〱✰〧 Rect: 1, 520, 20, 539 Page: Sequence: 9 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Text Contents: It concludes that price indexation of public wages is relatively limited in the euro area, while public pensions are overwhelm椀渀最氀礀 愀甀琀漀洀愀琀椀挀愀氀氀礀 椀渀搀攀砀攀搀Ⰰ 攀椀琀栀攀爀 昀甀氀氀礀 漀爀 瀀愀爀琀椀愀氀氀礀Ⰰ 琀漀 瀀爀椀挀攀猀 愀渀搀 眀愀最攀猀⸀ 圀椀琀栀 爀攀猀瀀攀挀琀 琀漀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀 眀愀最攀猀Ⰰ 愀氀琀栀漀甀最栀 昀漀爀洀愀氀 洀攀挀anisms of price indexation are relatively limited in the euro area, inflation plays (or can play) an important role in informi渀最 眀愀最攀ⴀ猀攀琀琀椀渀最 渀攀最漀琀椀愀琀椀漀渀猀 䤀渀ꀀ匀瀀愀椀渀Ⰰꀀ琀栀攀 唀䜀吀 愀渀搀 䌀䌀⸀伀伀 琀爀愀搀攀 甀渀椀漀渀猀 栀愀瘀攀 眀攀氀挀漀洀攀搀 愀 渀攀眀 琀栀爀攀攀ⴀ礀攀愀爀 愀最爀攀攀洀攀渀琀 琀栀愀琀 挀漀甀氀搀deliver public sector pay increases of more than 9% by the end of 2024. Unions rejected an initial government offer of only 2% 昀漀爀 ㈀　㈀㈀⸀ 䄀昀琀攀爀 渀攀最漀琀椀愀琀椀漀渀猀 愀渀搀 椀渀 爀攀猀瀀漀渀猀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀 挀漀猀琀ⴀ漀昀ⴀ氀椀瘀椀渀最 挀爀椀猀椀猀Ⰰ 愀渀 愀搀搀椀琀椀漀渀愀氀 ㄀⸀㔀─ 眀椀氀氀 戀攀 戀愀挀欀搀愀琀攀搀 琀漀 䨀愀渀甀愀爀礀 ㈀　㈀㈀and awarded in a one-off payment before the end of the year. Further increases will come in 2023 and 2024. The agreement also c漀瘀攀爀猀 漀琀栀攀爀 琀爀愀搀攀 甀渀椀漀渀 搀攀洀愀渀搀猀 椀渀挀氀甀搀椀渀最 琀栀攀 爀椀最栀琀 琀漀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀瘀攀 戀愀爀最愀椀渀椀渀最Ⰰ 琀栀攀 爀攀挀漀最渀椀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀瘀攀 愀最爀攀攀洀攀渀琀猀 愀渀搀 氀椀昀琀ng restrictions on implementing the 35-hour week. “The text highlights the importance of collective bargaining to reach agreem攀渀琀猀 琀栀愀琀 椀洀瀀爀漀瘀攀 琀栀攀 氀椀瘀攀猀 漀昀 眀漀爀欀攀爀猀 愀渀搀 挀椀琀椀稀攀渀猀 椀渀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀Ⱐᴀ 猀愀椀搀 䤀猀愀戀攀氀 䄀爀愀焀甀攀Ⰰ 唀䜀吀 倀甀戀氀椀挀 匀攀爀瘀椀挀攀猀 唀渀椀漀渀 䄀挀琀椀漀渀 匀攀挀爀攀琀愀爀礀⹜ഀ†ᰀ䘀漀爀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 琀椀洀攀 椀渀 愀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 漀昀 挀爀椀猀椀猀Ⰰ 瀀甀戀氀椀挀 攀洀瀀氀漀礀攀攀猀 眀椀氀氀 栀愀瘀攀 愀 猀愀氀愀爀礀 椀渀挀爀攀愀猀攀Ⰰ 椀渀猀琀攀愀搀 漀昀 猀甀昀昀攀爀椀渀最 挀甀琀猀 椀渀 爀椀最栀琀猀 愀d salaries.” Rect: 1, 520, 20, 539 LastModified: D:20230208112254+01'00' Page: Sequence: 10 Page: Sequence: 11 Page: Sequence: 12 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Text Contents: In the euro area, general automatic wage indexation schemes only apply to a very small share of employees. All in all, only ar漀甀渀搀 ㌀─ 漀昀 瀀爀椀瘀愀琀攀 猀攀挀琀漀爀 攀洀瀀氀漀礀攀攀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 攀甀爀漀 愀爀攀愀 栀愀瘀攀 琀栀攀椀爀 眀愀最攀猀 愀渀搀 洀椀渀椀洀甀洀 眀愀最攀猀 愀甀琀漀洀愀琀椀挀愀氀氀礀 椀渀搀攀砀攀搀 琀漀 椀渀昀氀愀琀椀漀渀⸀嬀㌀崀ꀀ䙜ഀ漀爀 洀漀猀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 攀洀瀀氀漀礀攀攀猀 挀漀瘀攀爀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀猀攀 爀攀最椀洀攀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 椀渀昀氀愀琀椀漀渀 洀攀愀猀甀爀攀 椀猀 戀愀挀欀眀愀爀搀ⴀ氀漀漀欀椀渀最 愀渀搀 椀渀挀氀甀搀攀猀 攀渀攀爀最礀 昀椀爀猀琀 琀眀漀 挀漀汜ഀ甀洀渀猀 漀昀 䌀栀愀爀琀 䄀⸀嬀㐀崀䤀渀搀攀砀愀琀椀漀渀 爀攀最椀洀攀猀 眀椀琀栀 愀 昀漀爀洀愀氀 爀漀氀攀 昀漀爀 椀渀昀氀愀琀椀漀渀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀洀攀渀琀猀 椀渀 眀愀最攀 渀攀最漀琀椀愀琀椀漀渀猀 愀瀀瀀氀礀 琀漀 愀爀漀甀渀搀 ㄀㠀─of employees in the euro area. In these cases, they consider mostly forward-looking inflation measures that exclude energy.[5] 䄀爀漀甀渀搀 ㄀㠀─ 漀昀 攀甀爀漀 愀爀攀愀 瀀爀椀瘀愀琀攀 猀攀挀琀漀爀 攀洀瀀氀漀礀攀攀猀 眀漀爀欀 椀渀 挀漀甀渀琀爀椀攀猀 眀栀攀爀攀 漀渀氀礀 琀栀攀 洀椀渀椀洀甀洀 眀愀最攀猀 愀爀攀 愀甀琀漀洀愀琀椀挀愀氀氀礀 椀渀搀攀砀攀搀 琀漀 椀渀lation. These indexation mechanisms are usually backward-looking with an inflation measure that includes energy. While usually 漀渀氀礀 愀 爀攀氀愀琀椀瘀攀氀礀 猀洀愀氀氀 猀栀愀爀攀 漀昀 攀洀瀀氀漀礀攀攀猀 椀渀 攀甀爀漀 愀爀攀愀 挀漀甀渀琀爀椀攀猀 攀愀爀渀猀 琀栀攀 洀椀渀椀洀甀洀 眀愀最攀Ⰰ嬀㘀崀ꀀ琀栀攀 椀渀搀攀砀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 洀椀渀椀洀甀洀 眀愀最攀猀 琀漀inflation usually acts as a floor in other wage agreements. Furthermore, increases in minimum wages often play an important rol攀 愀猀 愀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀 戀攀渀挀栀洀愀爀欀 昀漀爀 猀攀挀琀漀爀愀氀 眀愀最攀 愀最爀攀攀洀攀渀琀猀⸀嬀㜀崀䘀漀爀 洀漀爀攀 琀栀愀渀 栀愀氀昀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瀀爀椀瘀愀琀攀 猀攀挀琀漀爀 攀洀瀀氀漀礀攀攀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 攀甀爀漀 愀爀攀愀Ⰰ⁜ഀ椀渀昀氀愀琀椀漀渀 搀漀攀猀 渀漀琀 瀀氀愀礀 愀 昀漀爀洀愀氀 爀漀氀攀 椀渀 眀愀最攀 猀攀琀琀椀渀最 戀甀琀 挀愀渀 戀攀 愀渀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀琀 昀愀挀琀漀爀 椀渀 眀愀最攀 渀攀最漀琀椀愀琀椀漀渀猀⸀ꀀ吀栀愀琀 猀愀椀搀Ⰰ 眀栀攀爀攀 琀栀攀e is no formal role for inflation, inflation developments have often been of little importance (compared with regimes where in昀氀愀琀椀漀渀 搀漀攀猀 瀀氀愀礀 愀 昀漀爀洀愀氀 爀漀氀攀Ⰰ 昀漀爀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀Ⰰ 搀甀爀椀渀最 琀椀洀攀猀 漀昀 栀椀最栀 甀渀挀攀爀琀愀椀渀琀礀 漀爀 氀愀爀最攀 攀砀琀攀爀渀愀氀 猀栀漀挀欀猀Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 昀漀挀甀猀 椀渀猀琀攀愀 being on job security. Since the Great Financial Crisis, indexation regimes with a formal role for inflation in wage setting 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀挀漀洀攀 猀漀洀攀眀栀愀琀 氀攀猀猀 瀀爀攀瘀愀氀攀渀琀 䌀栀愀爀琀 䈀⸀嬀㠀崀ꀀ吀栀攀 猀栀愀爀攀 漀昀 瀀爀椀瘀愀琀攀 猀攀挀琀漀爀 攀洀瀀氀漀礀攀攀猀 眀椀琀栀 愀 昀漀爀洀愀氀 爀漀氀攀 昀漀爀 椀渀昀氀愀琀椀漀渀 椀渀 眀愀杜ഀ攀 猀攀琀琀椀渀最 栀愀猀 搀攀挀爀攀愀猀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 攀甀爀漀 愀爀攀愀 戀礀 愀爀漀甀渀搀 㘀 瀀攀爀挀攀渀琀愀最攀 瀀漀椀渀琀猀 猀椀渀挀攀 ㈀　　㠀Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 搀攀挀氀椀渀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 猀栀愀爀攀 漀昀 眀漀爀欀攀爀猀 挀漀瘀red by contracts with backward-looking inflation indexation in Spain playing a key role. The remaining share of contracts for w栀椀挀栀 愀 昀漀爀洀愀氀 爀漀氀攀 昀漀爀 椀渀昀氀愀琀椀漀渀 椀猀 昀漀爀攀猀攀攀渀 渀漀眀 爀攀昀攀爀 瀀爀攀搀漀洀椀渀愀渀琀氀礀 琀漀 昀漀爀眀愀爀搀ⴀ氀漀漀欀椀渀最 椀渀昀氀愀琀椀漀渀 洀攀愀猀甀爀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 攀砀挀氀甀搀攀 攀渀攀爀最礀⸀9] As a consequence of the fall in the share of indexation regimes with a formal role for inflation in wage setting, the share 漀昀 瀀爀椀瘀愀琀攀 猀攀挀琀漀爀 攀洀瀀氀漀礀攀攀猀 昀漀爀 眀栀椀挀栀 椀渀昀氀愀琀椀漀渀 瀀氀愀礀猀 渀漀 昀漀爀洀愀氀 爀漀氀攀 椀渀 眀愀最攀 猀攀琀琀椀渀最 栀愀猀 椀渀挀爀攀愀猀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 攀甀爀漀 愀爀攀愀 猀椀渀挀攀 琀栀攀 䜀eat Financial Crisis. As for more general automatic indexation regimes that cover private sector wages and regimes that only in搀攀砀 琀栀攀 洀椀渀椀洀甀洀 眀愀最攀猀 琀漀 椀渀昀氀愀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 琀栀攀爀攀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 渀漀 猀椀最渀椀昀椀挀愀渀琀 挀栀愀渀最攀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀椀爀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀挀攀 猀椀渀挀攀 琀栀攀 䜀爀攀愀琀 䘀椀渀愀渀挀椀愀氀 䌀爀椀猀椀猀 and the type of inflation measures used for the indexation has not altered much either. Rect: 1, 520, 20, 539 LastModified: D:20230208112255+01'00' Page: Sequence: 13 Page: Sequence: 14 Checksum: 0bd333a2 Type: CRC32 Checksum: 11bb33ea759b3d1997af8c3aea0d82bc Type: MD5 Checksum: 4069c6269554a99346dc5823f37c33b08e3ca521 Type: SHA-1