Abstract INFINITE LOCALLY FINITE GROUPS OF TYPE PSL(2, K) OR Sz(K) ARE NOT MINIMAL UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS

INFINITE LOCALLY FINITE GROUPS OF TYPE PSL(2, K) OR Sz(K) ARE NOT MINIMAL UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS JAVIER OTAL AND JUAN MANUEL PENA In classifying certain infinite groups under minimal conditions it is needed to find non-simplicity criteria for the groups under consideration . We obtain some of such criteria as a consequence of the main result of the paper and the classification of finite simple groups . Introduction. If X is a casses of groups by a minimal non-Xgroupwe mean a group G which is not a X-group but in which every proper subgroup is a Xgroup . In [1], [2] and [3] Bruno and Phillips have studied varióus minimality conditions, which have been extended in [7], [8] a.nd [9] by the authors of the present paper . Roughly speaking, our extension has consisted in replacing the term "finite group" in Bruno-Phillips cases by "Cernikov group" in ours, although the results we have found have a rather different nature . In order to obtain the main results of the mentioned papers it has been needed to give some non-simplicity criteria for the groups under consideration . These criteria are now a consequence of some results obtained with the aid of the classification of finite simple groups (see [6] and [12]), which reduce the simple cases to projective special linear groups PSL(2, K) and Suzuki groups Sz(K), and of the main result of this paper, which we state as follows : Theorem . Let K be an infinite locally finite field, and let C be one of the following classes of groups: (i) CC-groups; (ii) Cernikov-by-hypocentral groups; (iii) hypercentral-by-Cernikov groups . Then no group of type PSL(2, K) or Sz(K) is a minimal non-C-group. If X is one of the classes of groups considered in [1], [2], [3], [7], [8] or [9] and G is a locally graded minimal non-X-group, then it is proved that G is locally finite and, in the Cernikov-by-nilpotent and nilpotent-by-Cernikov cases, the proper subgroups of G are soluble-by-finite, so that [6] or [12] and the present Theorem ensure that G cannot be simple . Another application of our Theorem 44 J . OTAL, J.M . PEÑA also gives information on the structure of a (locally graded) minimal non-CCgroup (see [8, 4.2]) . Throughout the paper we use the standard . group-theoretic notation from [11] . The proof of our Theorem will be carried out in sections 3 and 4, where we shall construct proper subgroups of such simple group which are not C-groups for each C considered . Some of these examples are similar to those given in [10] and in Bruno-Phillips papers . However our cases need somewhat more than the infinitude of the field K, namely the structure of its multiplicative group K*, which will be given in section 1, and, moreover, we have needed to look for certain Frobenius subgroups in such simple groups in order to solve the hypercentral-by-Cernikov case, whose details will be done in section 2 . 1 . The multiplicative group of a locally finite field K. We recall that K is exactly an algebraic extension of a finite field . If p is the characteristic of K, then the additive group K+ of K is p-elementary abelian whereas the multiplicative group K* is locally cyclic and can be embedded in a direct product of Prfifer groups, one for each prime different of p (see [4]) . The key point in what follows is the following well-known fact, of which we give a proof for the reader's convenience . (1.1) . K* is a óernikov group if and only if K is finite . Its proof needs an auxiliary result : (1 .2) . If p is a prime, m >_ 1 is an integer and q is either an odd prime or 4, then the factorization of p'q 1 at least contains one more prime than that of pm, 1 . Proof.Suppose that the result is false . If r is a prime divisor of N:= = pm(q-1) + pm (q-2) -}. . . + pm + 1, then r divides pm -1. Thus r divides each one of pm (q-1 ) 1, . . .,pm 1 so that r divides q . Therefore r = q, if q is odd, or r = 2, otherwise . In the first case N = q', s >_ 1, pm 1 = qtn, t >_ 1 and (n, q) = 1 . Thus qt +'n = pm q _1 = (g tn+1)q -1 = qt+ 1 n(a+1) and so a+l = q'-1, where a = ó (q)gt(q-i-1)n(q-i-1) . Since q ~ 2, we have a > 1 and s 1 >_ 1 . Clearlly q divides a and so q divides 1, a contradiction . If r = 2, then (p2 m + 1) (pm + 1) = N = 2' and so pm + 1 = 2t and p :~ 2 . Thus (p"` +1) 2 -2pm = p2m +1 = 2' -t and it follows that s-t > 2 . Therefore 4 divides 2p"° , a contradiction . Proof of (1 .1) : Suppose that K is infinite . Let K1 < K2 < . . . be an infinite ascending chain of finite subfields of K. If 1 K; 1= p'r, then ri divides ri+1 for every i >_ 1, so that ri+2 = riqni where ni > 1 and q is either an odd prime or 4 . By applying the Lemma we deduce that the set of all primes occurring as divisors of the 1 K; 1, i > 1, is infinite and therefore K* cannot be Cernikov. a INFINITE LOCALLY FINITE GROUPS 45 2. Locally finite hypercentral-by-Cernikov Frobenius groups. We refer to the section 1.J of [5], where the abstract definition and the basic properties of a locally finite Frobenius group can be found. In what follows, we shall frequently use the following characterization of Frobenius groups ([5, 1 .13]), which is an extension of that of the finite case : If G is a locally finite group, then G is a Frobenius group if and only if G has a proper normal subgroup N such that CG (x) <_ N for every 1 :~ x E N . In fact, it is not hard to show that such N is exactly the Frobenius kernel of G . The result we shall need in the next sections is the following : (2.1) . Let G be a locally finite Frobenius group with complement C. Then the following are equivalent : (1) C is Üernikov. (P) G is nilpotent-by-Üernikov. (3) G is hypercentral-by-Cernikov. Proof. Let N be the kernel of G. Since N is always nilpotent, (1) implies (2) . That (2) implies (3) is trivial so that it suffices to show that (3) implies (1) Let L be a hypercentral normal subgroup of G such that GIL is Cernikov . Clearly, we may assume that L :,~ 1 . If L n N = 1, by [5, 1.J .2] we have that L is contained in some conjugate of C so that L is contained in every conjugate of C, which gives L = 1 . Therefore L n N qÉ1 and so S(L) n N :,~ 1 since L is hypercentral . If 1 :~É x E S(L) n N, then L <_ CG (x) and, since CG (x) _< N, it follows that L < N. Therefore GIN -C is a Cernikov group. 3 . The PSL(2, K) case, K infinite locally finite . Let H be the image in PSL(2, K) of the group of lower triangular matrices in SL(2, K) . H = UD is the semidirect product of the image U of the group of lower unitriangular matrices by the image D of the group of diagonal matrices in SL(2, K) . We remark that U c K+ and that D is isomorphic to a quotient of K' by a subgroup of order at most two so that D is not a Cernikov group by (1.1) . IfaEKandbEK*,thenwehave

Introduction.If X is a casses of groups by a minimal non-X-group we mean a group G which is not a X-group but in which every proper subgroup is a Xgroup.In [1], [2] and [3] Bruno and Phillips have studied varióus minimality conditions, which have been extended in [7], [8] a.nd [9] by the authors of the present paper.Roughly speaking, our extension has consisted in replacing the term "finite group" in Bruno-Phillips cases by "Cernikov group" in ours, although the results we have found have a rather different nature .In order to obtain the main results of the mentioned papers it has been needed to give some non-simplicity criteria for the groups under consideration .These criteria are now a consequence of some results obtained with the aid of the classification of finite simple groups (see [6] and [12]), which reduce the simple cases to projective special linear groups PSL(2, K) and Suzuki groups Sz(K), and of the main result of this paper, which we state as follows : Theorem .Let K be an infinite locally finite field, and let C be one of the following classes of groups : (i) CC-groups; (ii) Cernikov-by-hypocentral groups ; (iii) hypercentral-by-Cernikov groups .Then no group of type PSL(2, K) or Sz(K) is a minimal non-C-group.
If X is one of the classes of groups considered in [1], [2], [3], [7], [8] or [9] and G is a locally graded minimal non-X-group, then it is proved that G is locally finite and, in the Cernikov-by-nilpotent and nilpotent-by-Cernikov cases, the proper subgroups of G are soluble-by-finite, so that [6] or [12] and the present Theorem ensure that G cannot be simple.Another application of our Theorem also gives information on the structure of a (locally graded) minimal non-CCgroup (see [8, 4.2]).
Throughout the paper we use the standard.group-theoretic notation from [11] .The proof of our Theorem will be carried out in sections 3 and 4, where we shall construct proper subgroups of such simple group which are not C-groups for each C considered.Some of these examples are similar to those given in [10] and in Bruno-Phillips papers .However our cases need somewhat more than the infinitude of the field K, namely the structure of its multiplicative group K*, which will be given in section 1, and, moreover, we have needed to look for certain Frobenius subgroups in such simple groups in order to solve the hypercentral-by-Cernikov case, whose details will be done in section 2.
1.The multiplicative group of a locally finite field K.We recall that K is exactly an algebraic extension of a finite field.If p is the characteristic of K, then the additive group K+ of K is p-elementary abelian whereas the multiplicative group K* is locally cyclic and can be embedded in a direct product of Prfifer groups, one for each prime different of p (see [4]) .The key point in what follows is the following well-known fact, of which we give a proof for the reader's convenience .
(1.1) .K* is a óernikov group if and only if K is finite .
Its proof needs an auxiliary result : (1 .2) .If p is a prime, m >_ 1 is an integer and q is either an odd prime or 4, then the factorization of p'q -1 at least contains one more prime than that of pm, -1.
Proof of (1 .1): Suppose that K is infinite .Let K1 < K2 < . . .be an infinite ascending chain of finite subfields of K.If 1 K; 1= p'r, then ri divides ri+1 for every i >_ 1, so that ri+2 = riqni where ni > 1 and q is either an odd prime or 4 .By applying the Lemma we deduce that the set of all primes occurring as divisors of the 1 K; 1, i > 1, is infinite and therefore K* cannot be Cernikov.a 2. Locally finite hypercentral-by-Cernikov Frobenius groups.We refer to the section 1.J of [5], where the abstract definition and the basic properties of a locally finite Frobenius group can be found.In what follows, we shall frequently use the following characterization of Frobenius groups ([5, 1 .13]),which is an extension of that of the finite case: If G is a locally finite group, then G is a Frobenius group if and only if G has a proper normal subgroup N such that CG (x) <_ N for every 1 :~x E N .In fact, it is not hard to show that such N is exactly the Frobenius kernel of G.
The result we shall need in the next sections is the following : (2 .1) .Let G be a locally finite Frobenius group with complement C. Then the following are equivalent : (1) C is Üernikov.(P) G is nilpotent-by-Üernikov.
Proof.Let N be the kernel of G. Since N is always nilpotent, (1) implies (2) .That (2) implies ( 3) is trivial so that it suffices to show that (3) implies (1) Let L be a hypercentral normal subgroup of G such that GIL is Cernikov .
Clearly, we may assume that L :,~1.If L n N = 1, by [5, 1.J.2] we have that L is contained in some conjugate of C so that L is contained in every conjugate of C, which gives L = 1.Therefore L n N qÉ1 and so S(L) n N :,~1 since L is hypercentral.If 1 :~É x E S(L) n N, then L <_ CG (x) and, since CG (x) _< N, it follows that L < N. Therefore GIN --C is a Cernikov group.
3. The PSL(2, K) case, K infinite locally finite .Let H be the image in PSL(2, K) of the group of lower triangular matrices in SL(2, K) .H = UD is the semidirect product of the image U of the group of lower unitriangular matrices by the image D of the group of diagonal matrices in SL(2, K) .We remark that U c K+ and that D is isomorphic to a quotient of K' by a subgroup of order at most two so that D is not a Cernikov group by (1.1) . IfaEKandbEK*,thenwehave (0 b01 _ (baa 1) .
Finally, from (1) we obtain CH (x) <_ U for every 1 qÉ x E U. Therefore H is a Frobenius group with complement D and so H cannot be hypercentral-by-Cernikov by (2.1) .
4. The Sz(K) case, K infinite locally finite of characteristic 2 .As in the finite case (see [13]) the group Sz(K) is a subgroup of SL(4, K) defined in terms of an automorphism B of K satisfying aea = a2 , a E K, and generated by: (i) a group Q of matrices having the form e,afee +bf1 + e +d) so that af = a and cae +b = afee +bf1 +a .If f ~1, then f 1+e :~1 and we find a = 0 and b = 0, a contradiction Therefore f = 1 and our argument has just showed that CG (x) <_ Q for every 1 ,-E x E Q. Thus G is a Frobenious group with complement D and hence G cannot be hypercentral-by-Cernikov by (2.1) .