GLOBAL DIMENSION IN NOETHERIAN RINGS AND RINGS WITH GABRIEL

In this paper we compute the global dimension of Noetherian rings and rings with Gabriel and Krull dimension by taking a subclass of cyclic modules determined by the Gabriel filtration in the lattice of hereditary torsion theories.


Introduction
In this paper we exhibit a nice subclass of cyclic modules to compute the global dimension of a ring (see [9], [12], [13], [15]) whose origins are in [3] and [11] .In the first part, the left global dimension of a noetherian ring, R, is computed in terms of the injective dimensions of the following subclass of R-mod.If T-, < -r o < . . .< T, is the Gabriel filtration in the lattice of hereditary torsion theories of R, Le.R-tors [2], then the subclass consist of all the cyclic r,,-cocritical left R-modules whose injective dimension equals the injective dimension of every one of its submodules, with p ranging over all the ordinals less than ,Q.Also, we obtain some of the classical results for noetherian rings as consequences of our results.In the second part we note that all our results can be dualized.
Throughout this paper, R will denote an associative ring with 1 and R-mod the category of all unitary left R-modules .Torsion classes and torsion theories will always be hereditary; all terminology concerning torsion theories is quoted from [2] .Given a nonzero M c R-mod, Id (M)   and Pd(M) denote respectively, the injective and projective dimensions of M, setting Id(0) = Pd(0) = -oo .The left global dimension of R will be denoted by lgl dim(R), and the Gabriel dimension G dim(R) .For further details on each of these dimensions we refer respectively to [13] and [2] .

. Injective dimension
The Strong Injective Dimension of a left R-module, M is defined as Sid(M) = sup{Id(M%0 -+ M' -M is exact} .Following [11], given n E PNl, we will denote by G,, the class of left R-modules M, with Sid(M) <_ n.We define Sid(M) = oo when for all n E IN, there exists a submodule M' C_ M such that Id(M) >_ n (with the convention n < oo) .Observe that if there exist M' C_ M with Id(M) = oo, then Sid(M) = oo.We remark [11] that if R is a left noetherian ring then the classes Ln (n = 0, 1 . . . . ) are torsion classes and [11] if RR is the ring R taken as left R-module the Sid(RR) = lgl dim(R) .
Note that there is a chain of torsion classes Co C_ L 1 C_ . . .C_ L n C . . .We add G, = {O} and ,C,,, = R-mod.Let un be the torsion theory corresponding to En .Note that M E R-mod is a,,-torsionfree if and only if for all submodules 0 =~M' C_ M there exist a submodule N C M' such that Id(N) > n.Within the above chain there exists a strictly increasing subchain; that is, if no = -oo, then Lno C . . .C Cni C . . .where the length of the subchain is at most w.Proof. .By hypothesis and Lemma 1.2 it is clear that G,, always exists and that G nu C G , .Suppose that there exists k E N1 such that Cni C Gk C_ G ,, .Since R is noetherian [2] there exists a Qnj -cocritical Qk - torsion left R-module M, and hence nj < Sid(M) <_ k.So, by the part (a) in the proof of Lemma 1.2, there exists a cyclic submodule C C_ M such that Id(C) = Sid(M) .Since C is also Qn j -cocritical and Id(C) > n; .Then, by the definition of m we must have Id(C) > m.Hence k >_ m and thus k = m.
Note that, in particular, if m = min{Id(S)JS E R-mod is simple} then m=nl .
1 .4Observation .Since every subchain has at least two terms, it is natural to analize the step Qnj < Qnj+, .In each of there steps there exists a Qn j -cocritical cyclic left R-module C, such that Id(C) = Id(C') _ Sid(C) > nj+i for all submodules 0 :,A C C C.
From here, Theorem C of B .Osofsky in [5] follows immediately.In the next theorem, we will see that we can to extract a nice subclass of the class of cyclic left R-modules, to compute the left global dirriension .Proof.Let r_1 < r,, < . . .< -rp be the Gabriel filtration in R-tors and let lgl dim(R) = nk (or oo) .For any given j < k we have a step Qn ; < Qn ; +1 and by [2], there exists an ordinal a <_ ~3 which is least with the property that r,, :9 Qn i .Note that a is a successor .Then by Observation 1.4 and the fact that r,,, :9 ano there exists a T,,_ I -cocritical Q ni -cocritical left R-module C, such that Id(C) = Id(C') > nj+i for all submodules 0 :~C' C_ C. Setting tt = a -1 we have the result in view that the choice of j was arbitrary .
The next corollary is of particular importante inasmuch as there exist ara abundante of examples where the subchain is finite.
1 .7 Observation .Let R be a commutative noetherian ring .We take in this case the original definition of Krull dimension over the prime ideals of R. Suppose that now, for all S E R-niod simple we have that S E G, for some n E IN (fixed) .Let J be any maximal ideal of R, then R/J is a simple left R-module and Supp(R/J) = J; furthermore, R/J E Gn .Then, by [11] the local ring Ri is regular witli K dim(Rj) <_ n.By [13] we llave Sida,, (RJ) = lgl dim(Ri) < n, for all J. B,y [13] we have lgl dim(R) < n, lience R E That is, we have just proved that for any commutative noetherian ring, if u, j :~X then To :1 un, and by Theorem 1 .5 we have the well-known result : lgl dim(R) = sup{Id(S) ¡S is simple R-module} .

. Projective dimension
When we compute the left global dimension as the supremum of the projective dimensions of cocritical and critical left R-modules wc llave analogous results to the above; furthermore, we can relax the noetherian condition ora the ring R .The Strong Projective Dimension [11] is defined as Spd(M) = sup{Pd(N) ¡M -> N -> 0 is exact}.We llave for all n E N, the classes U,, = {M E R-mod ISpd(M) _< n}.In this case [11] Un are torsion classes for ara arbitrary ring R, and lgl dim(R) = Spd(RR) .We denote by pn the torsion theory corresponding to U, .Again, we have a chaira Uo C_ Ur C_ . . .C_ Un C_ . . .and adding U_. arad U,,, we can take a strictly ascending subchain Uno C . . .C Uni C . . .with no = -oo .From here, we can do the dualiration in a similar way to the first part and we can remove the noetherian condition .So, we will write orlly the principal result .For p,,-cocritical left R-modules C, such that Pd(C) >_ nj+r, the consequence Pd(C) = Pd(C') for all submodules 0 7~C C C will be removed in view that all p,,-cocritical satisfy it.of modules in Theorems 1 .5 and 2.2.Since R/ass(C) is a left order in a simple ring [7], [14] then for any x E K we have (R/ass(C)) -x R/ass(C) as left R/ass(C)-modules and hence as left R-modules.This implies that Id(R/ass(C)) = Id(C) (Pd(R/ass(C) = Pd(C)) .So we have that if R is a left FBN ring then lgldim(R)=sup{Id(R/I)II E Spec(R)}=sup{Pd(R/I)II E Spec(R)} .a Note.The author thanks the referee for reporting him about the existence of [6] .

1 . 1
Examples .(i) In 7L we have ,C_,,, = L o C:,Cl = 7L-mod.u Let K be a field .For R = K K[X, Y] we have G_.C Lo C ( ..) 0 K[X, Y] ,C l C £2 = R-mod .(iii) Let R be a commutative noetherian regular local ring, with J maximal ideal.Suppose that Id(R/J) = n, then we have in this case ,C_.= Co = . . .=,c,1 C Cn = R-mod.(iv) Let R be a left artinian left local ring [2].Then R-mod has a chain as in (iii) .(v) In [3], there are examples where all the inclusions in the chain are proper .(vi) In any left artinian ring which has at least two simple left Rmodules with different injective dimensions (as Z12) the Gabriel filtration has less terms than the subchain.1 .2Lemma.Let R be a left noetherian ring and Ln , (j = -oo, 0, 1, . ..) a term in the subehain such that Lni =,A R-mod.Then there exists a Qnj -cocritical left R-module M, such that n, < Id(M) = Id(M1) for all submodules 0 =~M' C M. Proof. .Since R is noetherian and G,,, zA R-mod then there exist a Q ni -cocritical left R-module M .(a) If Id(M) > nj (including oo) then in each exact sequence 0 -> M' -+ M -M" -0 we have Id(M") < nj and Id(M) > n;, and so Id(M') = Id(M); hence M is the required object .(b) If Id(M) < nj then since Sid(M) > nj then there exists a submodule 0 =,~M' C M such that Id(M') > nj (including oo) and since M' is also an;-cocritical we are again in case (a), and M' is now the required object .1.3 Proposition .Let R be a left noetherian ring, G nu (j = 0, 1, . . . ) f-n, :,A R-mod and m = min{Id(C) 1C is cyclic Qnj -cocritical with Id(C) > nj} .Then m = nj+l .