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EASIT
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Easy Access
for Social Inclusion Training
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This is unit 3B,
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Easy to understand (E2U)
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and audio description (AD).
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Element 1: Processes.
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Other video:
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Easy-to-understand
audio introductions (AIs):
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A sample.
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This is Elisa Perego,
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from Università degli Studi di Trieste.
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This sample video is about
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simplification of audio introductions.
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Given their communicative purpose,
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audio introductions,
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or introductory notes
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in the shape of
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“pieces of continuous prose"
(Fryer 2014),
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can be successfully used
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in E2U scenarios,
if adequately adapted.
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AIs set the scene
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and add information missing in ADs:
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for instance,
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relevant details,
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the style of the product,
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cast and production credits,
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fuller descriptions
of visual details,
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and much more.
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Standard AIs guide users
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through the text to come.
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When adapted into E2U texts,
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they become
easification tools,
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as Bhatia (1986)called them.
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That is, extra-textual devices
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that make the text
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more comprehensible
and usable.
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We will focus on excerpts
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from Fryer’s AI to the film
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Slumdog Millionaire.
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The opening, read Fryer,
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is very rich in details:
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Welcome to this AI
to Slumdog Millionaire
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directed by Danny Boyle
in 2008.
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It is based on the novel Q&A
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by Vikas Swarup,
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with screenplay
by Simon Beaufoy.
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It has a running time
of 2 hours,
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and stars Dev Patel
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and Frieda Pinto.
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Do we need so many details
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in an E2U scenario?
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Can we prioritize what is central
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and easier to remember?
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Shall we stick
to the principle
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“less is more”?
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Look at what we can do.
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Adding the word “film”
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gives a clearer context
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for some users.
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Repeating it
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or using an anaphoric pronoun (“it”)
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could give coherence
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and linearity to the text
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without repeating the film title.
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The name of the director
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and the production date are crucial,
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but the name of the author of the novel
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on which the film is based,
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or the screenwriter’s name
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are secondary.
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We need to select.
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We can substitute the verb
“to star”
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by a longer but clearer sentence,
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with a subject,
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a copular verb
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and a complement,
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and introduce the noun “actors”.
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We should start each sentence
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on a new line,
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especially if we want to use AIs
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as printed documents
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that can be read
rather than listened to,
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based on the situation
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or the preference of the user.
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If we do so,
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non-linguistic elements
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such as a picture of the film poster,
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or of the actors
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can improve the usability
of the written text
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and comply with
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most Easy Language principles.
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Not all users like,
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can or wish to consume
texts aurally,
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so when working with AIs,
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creating a written version
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and making it available online –
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as an accessible PDF
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or as a printable brochure –
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might be a good idea.
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Now, let’s listen to the E2U AI
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read by Christopher Taylor.
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Welcome to this AI
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to the film Slumdog Millionaire.
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The film was directed by
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Danny Boyle in 2008.
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The film is based
on a novel.
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It lasts 2 hours.
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Its main actors are Dev Patel
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and Frieda Pinto.
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Let’s move to a more descriptive
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and detailed passage
of the AI,
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read by Louise Fryer.
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Their home is a shack –
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one of thousands
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made of sheets
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of corrugated iron,
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painted wooden planks
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and scavenged cardboard
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in the teeming Juhu slums –
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sandwiched between an airport runway,
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a vast rubbish tip
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and railway tracks
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at the edge of the city.
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Rubbish litters
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the slum’s passageways.
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It is a patchwork
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of poverty, but rich
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and lively,
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and full of colour
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walls are daubed in
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blue and yellow.
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The women wear saris
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of every hue,
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fruit and vegetables are for sale
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at outdoor stalls,
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and painted statuettes of gods
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set up in home-made shrines.
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Though beautifully written,
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and read,
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and close to literary style,
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this text needs
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major simplification
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to become E2U.
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A quick look at
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the most uncommon words,
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though really vivid,
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shows there are a great many:
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shack
which is a primitive shelter;
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cobbled meaning
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"paved with small stones".
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But also
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corrugated;
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planks;
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scavenged;
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teeming;
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Juhu,
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which is an upmarket neighbourhood
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of Mumbai.
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Perhaps even
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slums –
or poor areas in a city;
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rubbish tip;
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tracks;
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edge;
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litters;
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passageways;
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patchwork;
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throbbing;
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daubed meaning
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"carelessly painted";
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patterned;
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the cultural borrowing saris.
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But also
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hue - for colour or shade;
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stalls;
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statuettes –
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a derived word
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exploiting a diminutive suffix;
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and to conclude shrines.
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The text is long,
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101 words,
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but only three sentences.
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Its readability is too low –
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with a Gunning Fog index
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that tells us
that a reader needs
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over 16 years of schooling
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to understand the text.
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Let’s try to do something.
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The compression work is not easy,
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and details can be lost.
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The following E2U version,
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read by Christopher Taylor,
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is just a proposal:
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Their home is small
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and made of iron sheets
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and cardboard.
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Their home is
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in a very crowded area
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of the city.
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It is located between an airport,
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a rubbish tip,
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and the railway.
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Rubbish is all over.
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Poverty is all over.
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But, a lively atmosphere comes from
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the colours of the walls;
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from the women’s
traditional dresses;
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from the fruit and vegetables for sale;
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from the painted statues of gods.
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The text is still informative,
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but shorter: 71 words
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and 6 sentences.
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You need only
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7 years of instruction
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and not 16 to get it.
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The idea of the slum,
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of the poverty
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and its liveliness are not lost,
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and an engaging tone of voice
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makes up for what had to go.
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This video lecture was prepared by
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Elisa Perego
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and produced by
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Martina Atzeri
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from Università degli Studi di Trieste.
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The original AIs were created
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and read by Louise Fryer
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from Utopian Voices.
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The E2U AIs were prepared by
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Elisa Perego
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and read by Christopher Taylor
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from Università degli Studi di Trieste.
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You can reach me at:
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eperego@units.it