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EASIT, Easy Access
for Social Inclusion Training.

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This is Unit 3A

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Easy-to-understand and subtitling

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element 3, Technical aspects

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videolecture Subtitling principles,
guidelines, and conventions.

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I am Luis Alonso,
from Universidade de Vigo, Spain

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and in this short video lecture
I will give you a quick overview

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of the subtitling principles,
guidelines, and conventions

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required
for easy-to-understand subtitling.

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Regarding visual aspects

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subtitles should be placed
at the bottom of the screen

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provided they do not hide

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relevant visual information
or inserts.

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Should that be the case

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they should be moved
either horizontally or upwards

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to where no relevant information
is obscured.

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As for the number of lines

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subtitles should contain
a maximum of two lines

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and follow a pop-on
or block presentation

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which yields better reading results
than e.g. scrolling subtitles.

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They should also be written in a size
and type of font that is easy-to-read

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such as Arial, Verdana,
Tiresias, or Biancoenero.

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Readability is also improved

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when there is enough colour contrast
between subtitle characters

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and its background.

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This can be achieved
by using boxes, borders, or shadows.

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As for the temporal aspects

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one of the main issues to address

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is reading speed.

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Intralingual subtitling guidelines
in different countries

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those of the BBC in the UK

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the CAB in Canada

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ABC in Australia

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FBO in Denmark

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DCMP in the US

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and UNE in Spain

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recommend a maximum
of 16 characters per second for adults

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and between 10 and 12 for children.

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Other issues

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regarding the temporal aspects
of subtitling are

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number one, a minimum duration
of a subtitle on the screen

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which ranges, in different guidelines

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between 1 and 2 seconds.

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Number two,
the need of a gap between subtitles

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for the viewer
to detect a subtitle change

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which, again, ranges
in different guidelines

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between 2 and 4 frames.

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Finally, subtitles should be
in synchrony with the audio

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and subtitle changes should match
with shot changes

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ensuring that, wherever possible

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subtitles are not displayed
across different shots.

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Regarding the typographic conventions

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subtitlers should follow those used
in the subtitles of the language

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of the recipient for whom
the subtitles are intended.

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Proper text division is fundamental

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because it makes subtitling
easier to read and understand.

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Subtitles should be segmented
at natural linguistic breaks

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that is, respecting syntactic groups.

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The decision between creating
one-line or two-line subtitles

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depends on the pace of the scene.

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One-line subtitles reflect quickness

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whereas two-line subtitles reflect calm.

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Subtitlers should also bear in mind

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the common rules of easy language
on the text level

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specially the need to adjust
content and information structure

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to the target groups.

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Regarding language criteria

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most of the basic common
lexical and syntactic rules

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of easy language
displayed in Unit 2, element 1

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can be applied to subtitles.

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You can also watch the video lecture

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Subtitling parameters.
Editorial aspects.

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And we recommend that you look into
the rulesets of your own language.

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This video lecture was prepared
by Ana Pereira and Luis Alonso

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from Universidade de Vigo.

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You can reach us at pereira@uvigo.es

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and at lalonso@uvigo.es.

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EASIT has received funding
from the EC programme

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Erasmus+ Strategic Partnerships
for Higher Education

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grant agreement
2018-1-ES01-KA203-05275.

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The EC support for this publication

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does not endorse the contents

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which reflect the authors' views.

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The EC cannot be held responsible

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for any use
of the information contained therein.

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This work is licensed
under a Creative Commons Attribution

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ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

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Partners of the EASIT project.

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Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.

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Università Degli Studi Di Trieste.

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Universidade de Vigo.

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Stiftung Universität Hildesheim.

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SDI München.

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Dyslexiförbundet.

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Radiotelevizija Slovenja.

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Zavod RISA.

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EASIT. Easy Access
for Social Inclusion Training.