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EASIT. Easy Access for
Social Inclusion Training.

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This is Unit 3A.

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Easy-to-Understand
and subtitling.

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Element 1.

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Processes.

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Video lecture:

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What are Easy-to-Understand
subtitles?

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My name is Rocío Bernabé

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from the Internationale Hochschule
SDI München, in Germany.

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This video lecture introduces the concept
of Easy-to-Understand subtitles

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and their characteristics.

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We will also discuss briefly

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what constraints influence
the creation process,

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and what type of guidelines we can use.

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The focus in this video lecture is
on pre-recorded subtitles.

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At this stage, we assume that
you already have basic skills

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in creating subtitles.

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If this is not the case, we recommend you
to acquire some knowledge

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before attending the video lecture.

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For instance, we recommend you to visit

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Module 1
of the European co-funded project

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Interlingual Live Subtitling
for Access,

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in short ILSA.

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Easy-to-Understand subtitles
aim to support viewers

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in the meaning-making process

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when they are watching
an audiovisual product,

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for instance, a video,
a movie, or the news.

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To do so, Easy-to-Understand subtitles
resort to simplification methods.

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Easy-to-Understand subtitles
can be then classified

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according to different criteria,
such as the type of simplification.

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Easy-to-Understand subtitles
can use text simplification methods,

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such as Easy-to-Read
or Plain Language,

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but it is also possible to use
graphical simplification methods,

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for instance, easy pictograms.

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One example of the use
of pictograms would be

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the use of emoticons
in a subtitling line

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for expressing feelings
and/or emotions.

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Of course, you can also have
mixed forms.

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You can have
text simplification methods

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and graphical simplification methods

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in one subtitle line.

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Ultimately, the decision concerning
the type of simplification

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will depend on many factors

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as in any other translation, actually.

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It will depend on the translation order,

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that means the preferences
of the client,

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but also on the target audience,

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the target language, the genre,

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and the medium of publication.

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Easy-to-Understand subtitles
can also be classified

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according to the target language.

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For instance, they can be interlingual,

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and use a different language
as in the source text,

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or subtitles can be intralingual,

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and use the same language
as in the source text.

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For instance,

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Easy-to-Understand subtitles
which have been translated

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from German into Spanish
would be interlingual,

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while Easy-to-Understand subtitles
that have been translated

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from standard Spanish
into Easy-to-Understand Spanish

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would be intralingual.

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In several countries, intralingual subtitles
are also called “captions”,

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or subtitles for the Deaf
and Hard-of-Hearing.

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This is often abbreviated as
SDH subtitles.

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In this video lecture,
I will use the term “subtitle”

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to refer to both intralingual
and interlingual subtitles.

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Easy-to-Understand subtitles are subjected
to different types of constraints.

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The first type emerges
from the audiovisual nature of the product,

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meaning the limited time and space
that we have for a subtitling line.

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The other types of constraints are,
or emerge,

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from the simplification method.

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What I mean here is that
Easy-to-Understand subtitles

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have to be compliant with the principles
and recommendations

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of whatever simplification
method is being used.

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Lastly, another constraint
that we face in the creation

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of Easy-to-Understand subtitles
is the lack

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of empirically-based guidelines.

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This lack of guidelines is translating
at the moment

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into different subtitling practices

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and the use of different
subtitling parameters.

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The lack of guidelines
for Easy-to-Understand subtitling

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can be solved by resorting
to other type of guidelines,

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for instance, we could use
the guidelines for subtitles

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for the Deaf
and Hard-of-Hearing,

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especially, for those persons
with pre-locutive hearing loss.

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Why?

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Well, because this type of guidelines
have shown to be beneficial

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for other parts of the population.

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For instance, for persons who have
a low level of literacy,

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the elderly,

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or persons who have
a limited command a language,

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be it because they are
second-language learners or,

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for instance, in the case of immigrants
upon arrival in a host country.

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Although we see that
the target groups overlap to some extent,

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we should keep in mind that
the primary users of SDH

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and those
of Easy-to-Understand subtitles,

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they also have different needs.

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For instance, Easy-to-Understand users
often do not have a sensory impairment,

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meaning that they do not have
a hearing loss,

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and, therefore, they receive
the audiovisual content multimodally,

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that is they hear and they see
the content.

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We must also keep in mind
that Easy-to-Understand users

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may not be familiar
with the conventions

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that are used in SDH subtitling,

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for instance, the use of colours
for identifying a speaker,

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or the addition
of contextual information,

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such as “[laughing]”,
when a person is laughing

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and you can hear it, but you cannot see
the person on the screen.

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Conversely, Easy-to-Understand audiences,
especially Easy-to-Read users,

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are used to own conventions
such as the use of digits

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for all numbers.

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That is to also use digits
for the numbers 1 to 10,

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which are often spelt out
in standard languages.

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Let’s recap at this stage.

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In this video lecture, we have classified
Easy-to-Understand subtitles

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by the type of simplification method
and by the type of target language.

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We have also seen the constrains
that we will face during the creation.

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And we have discussed the extent
to which we can use SDH guidelines,

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as well as the limitation
of the use of these guidelines.

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In the next video lecture,
we will talk about

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Easy-to-Understand subtitling
parameters for creation.

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This video lecture was prepared
by Rocío Bernabé,

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from the Internationale Hochschule
SDI München,

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in collaboration with
the Universidade de Vigo, in Spain.

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You can reach me at

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rocio.bernabe@sdi-muenchen.de

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The project EASIT has received funding

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from the European Commission
under the Erasmus+ Strategic Partnerships

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for Higher Education programme,

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grant agreement
2018-1-ES01-KA203-05275.

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The European Commission support
for the production of this publication

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does not constitute an endorsement
of the contents,

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which reflect the views only
of the authors,

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and the Commission
cannot be held responsible

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for any use which may be made
of the information contained therein.

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This work is licensed under
a Creative Commons

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Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0
International License.

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Partners of the EASIT project:

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Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.

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Università degli Studi di Trieste.

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Universidade de Vigo.

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Stiftung Universität Hildesheim.

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SDI München.

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Dyslexiförbundet.

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Radiotelevizija Slovenja.

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Zavod RISA.

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EASIT. Easy Access for
Social Inclusion Training.