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EASIT

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Easy Access
for Social Inclusion Training

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Textual aspects of Easy-to-understand.

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This is unit 2:
Easy-to-understand language,

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in short E2U. 
Element 4: The language of E2U.

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Video lecture: Textual aspects of E2U.

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My name is Christiane Maaß
from the University of Hildesheim.

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In this short video lecture, 

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I will talk about the textual aspects 

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of easy-to-understand language, 

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focusing once again
on Easy and Plain Language. 

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In this unit, 
we already had a presentation

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about the basic rules
of easy-to-understand in Element 1.

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There we covered some rules 
on the textual level.

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In this presentation, 
we will go more into detail.

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First of all, 
rules related to the textual level

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may apply across languages. 

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Unlike some aspects 
on the lexical and syntactic level, 

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textual aspects
of easy-to-understand language 

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are not language specific.

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The first aspect we list
on the textual level

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 is that the content should be adjusted
 to the target groups.

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Information should not only
be perceptible and comprehensible,

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but also useful for the target groups. 

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In our presentation
about the process of translating

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into easy-to-understand language,

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we talked about
the addition and reduction processes

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that occur when translating.

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Information that is not explicitly
mentioned in the source text

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has to be made explicit. 

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This is an example of adapting
the content to the target groups.

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The text should also 
take into consideration

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for which target situation 
it is intended.

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Textual content is always 
part of a communicative situation. 

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The texts have to be adjusted 
to their function

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in the target situation. 

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This function is linked 
to the text type of the source text.

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It is a challenge to keep 
the Easy Language target texts

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related to the text type they belong to.

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We will give more information
on text types in the video lecture

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about the discourse
of easy-to-understand language 

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within this element.

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The information structure has to be 
appropriate for the target groups

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and the target situation.

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Usually it is a good strategy 

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to place the most relevant 
bits of information

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at the beginning of a text.

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This strategy depends
 on the media realisation 

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of the Easy or Plain Language text.

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For instance, we have more freedom
to follow this rule

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in written communication.

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But this strategy does not always work.

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This may be the case 
if the Easy or Plain Language texts 

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become part of the source text.

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This applies to formats 
of audio-visual translation,

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where the order 
of the information delivered

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cannot be changed in the subtitles 

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and the subtitles 
complement the source text.

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The chosen media realisation

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should be useful to the target groups

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in the target situation.

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The first question is whether
it is retrievable for target groups.

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This may seem trivial,

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but it is the first step
for accessible communication.

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For instance, 
the information is not accessible

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if the target groups 
have limited access to the internet

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and the text is only offered online.

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This is an aspect

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that is rarely 
taken into consideration as of now.

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In texts written 
in easy-to-understand language,

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the target groups 
are addressed directly, if possible.

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This contributes to comprehensibility,

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as they understand more easily

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how the content relates to them.

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It is also beneficial
for the action-enabling potential

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of a text offer.

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If a certain action 
is expected from the target groups,

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it is helpful 

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the target groups are addressed directly

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and instructed 
on their possibilities of action.

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You can find 
more information about this topic

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in the presentation 
about pragmatic aspects 

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of easy-to-understand language 
in this unit.

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Texts are more comprehensible 
for the target groups

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 if these texts use advance organisers, 

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subheadings and marginal notes.

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Therefore, these tools 
are widely used in texts

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written in easy-to-understand language.

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Advanced organisers 
are introductions into the text

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that give
a short summary on the main content

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and the text function.

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Advance organisers 
help the target groups understand

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what to expect from a text.

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They help them grasp
the macro-proposition of a text.

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Subheadings are helpful 
to organise information

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 and make it more retrievable.

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Marginal notes 
may offer additional information

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or highlight information.

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When listing items in a text, 
a list with numbers or bullet points

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is more comprehensible 
than using commas in a sentence.

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This textual feature 
makes the list more perceptible

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for the target groups.

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The single item of the enumeration

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can be more easily 
distinguished and recalled.

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Another textual feature 
of easy-to-understand language

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is that important information 
is highlighted.

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Normally, through the use of bold type.

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Texts in easy-to-understand language
also use images

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and visual guidance systems
according to the target groups.

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More information

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about the visual components
of Easy and Plain Language 

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can be found in Element 5 of this unit.

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To summarize,

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these are the textual features 
of easy-to-understand language:

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Adjust the content to the target groups.

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Adjust the texts 
to the target situation.

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Adjust the information structure

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according to the target groups 
and target situation.

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Choose a medial realization
that is functional

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and useful for the target groups 
and the target situation.

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Address the target groups directly.

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Use advance organisers, 
introduction with the main ideas,

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subheadings and marginal notes.

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Use lists and not commas

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and indentations 
for additional information.

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Highlight important information.

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Use images and visual guidance systems

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according to the target groups.

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This video lecture has been prepared

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by Sergio Hernandez and Christiane Maaß

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from the University of Hildesheim.

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You can reach us 
at easit@uni-hildesheim.de.

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The project EASIT
has received funding

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from the European Commission

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under the Erasmus+
Strategic Partnerships

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for Higher Education programme,

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grant agreement
2018-1-ES01-KA203-05275.

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The European Commission support

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for the production of this publication

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does not constitute
an endorsement of the contents,

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which reflect
the views only of the authors,

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and the Commission
cannot be held responsible

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for any use which may be made

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of the information 
contained therein.

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This work is licensed
under a Creative Commons

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Attribution-ShareAlike
4.0 International License.

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Partners of the EASIT project:

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Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona,

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Università degli Studi di Trieste,

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Universidade de Vigo,

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Stiftung Universität Hildesheim,

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SDI München,

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Dyslexiförbundet,

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Radiotelevisija Slovenija,

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Zavod Risa.

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EASIT

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Easy Access
for Social Inclusion Training

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Untertitelt von: Andrijana Gottschalk