1 00:00:07,160 --> 00:00:10,800 {\an2}EASIT: Easy Access for Social Inclusion Training 2 00:00:13,080 --> 00:00:17,280 {\an2}This is unit 2: Easy-to-understand language, in short E2U. 3 00:00:17,640 --> 00:00:20,640 {\an2}Element 1: Understanding Easy-to-understand language. 4 00:00:20,880 --> 00:00:23,800 {\an2}Video Lecture: Basic rules of E2U. 5 00:00:23,960 --> 00:00:27,840 {\an2}My name is Sergio Hernández Garrido from the University of Hildesheim. 6 00:00:28,600 --> 00:00:33,280 {\an2}In this short video lecture, we will talk about the basic rules of E2U, 7 00:00:33,520 --> 00:00:36,320 {\an2}focusing on Easy Language and Plain Language. 8 00:00:36,840 --> 00:00:38,680 {\an2}We will look into the basic rules 9 00:00:38,840 --> 00:00:41,800 {\an2}on the lexical, the syntactic and the textual level. 10 00:00:42,200 --> 00:00:44,200 {\an2}We will then go into more detail 11 00:00:44,440 --> 00:00:47,600 {\an2}in other videos in this unit in Element 4. 12 00:00:48,600 --> 00:00:50,600 {\an2}In the first video lecture of this unit, 13 00:00:50,760 --> 00:00:53,520 {\an2}we pointed out that there is a continuum 14 00:00:53,760 --> 00:00:57,200 {\an2}of ever more comprehensible and less complex renderings. 15 00:00:57,600 --> 00:01:00,320 {\an2}Within this continuum, there are two poles. 16 00:01:00,600 --> 00:01:02,400 {\an2}Easy Language on the one side 17 00:01:02,640 --> 00:01:04,680 {\an2}and expert language on the other. 18 00:01:05,000 --> 00:01:07,360 {\an2}On the left pole, we have Easy Language, 19 00:01:07,520 --> 00:01:08,840 {\an2}including Easy-to-Read, 20 00:01:09,040 --> 00:01:11,440 {\an2}with the highest comprehensibility level. 21 00:01:12,480 --> 00:01:15,320 {\an2}In order to reach this level of comprehensibility, 22 00:01:15,560 --> 00:01:17,640 {\an2}Easy Language is strictly normed. 23 00:01:17,920 --> 00:01:21,440 {\an2}Lexical and grammatical features are strictly limited 24 00:01:21,640 --> 00:01:24,880 {\an2}and only little previous knowledge is to be presupposed, 25 00:01:25,280 --> 00:01:27,480 {\an2}considering the needs of the target groups. 26 00:01:28,880 --> 00:01:32,320 {\an2}Right of Easy Language, we have Plain Language, 27 00:01:32,640 --> 00:01:34,960 {\an2}that is still comprehensibility-enhanced, 28 00:01:35,200 --> 00:01:38,280 {\an2}but allows more grammatical and lexical complexity 29 00:01:38,440 --> 00:01:39,720 {\an2}than Easy Language. 30 00:01:40,240 --> 00:01:42,720 {\an2}Plain Language can vary in complexity. 31 00:01:43,000 --> 00:01:45,960 {\an2}It depends on the target groups and the target situation, 32 00:01:46,040 --> 00:01:49,720 {\an2}how close Plain Language is to Easy Language in a given text. 33 00:01:50,120 --> 00:01:53,720 {\an2}Creating content in Plain Language can therefore be described 34 00:01:53,880 --> 00:01:56,920 {\an2}as a movement to the right within the continuum. 35 00:01:57,240 --> 00:02:00,000 {\an2}For the basic rules of Easy-to-understand language, 36 00:02:00,240 --> 00:02:02,640 {\an2}we will therefore start with Easy Language 37 00:02:02,840 --> 00:02:05,720 {\an2}and then gradually move towards Plain Language. 38 00:02:07,280 --> 00:02:09,520 {\an2}First of all and most generally, 39 00:02:09,760 --> 00:02:13,360 {\an2}content in Easy Language has to be perceptible and comprehensible. 40 00:02:13,880 --> 00:02:16,680 {\an2}The rulesets are partly language-specific 41 00:02:16,880 --> 00:02:19,120 {\an2}and partly non-language-specific. 42 00:02:19,360 --> 00:02:20,720 {\an2}For example, for German, 43 00:02:20,800 --> 00:02:23,960 {\an2}there are rules on the segmentation of compound nouns. 44 00:02:24,440 --> 00:02:27,320 {\an2}This rule is a language-specific rule for German. 45 00:02:27,800 --> 00:02:31,800 {\an2}In this presentation, we focus on non-language-specific rules. 46 00:02:32,160 --> 00:02:36,200 {\an2}Those rules tend to apply generally for comprehensibility-enhancement. 47 00:02:36,640 --> 00:02:38,600 {\an2}We will go into more detail in 48 00:02:38,840 --> 00:02:42,800 {\an2}Element 4 “The language of E2U” in this same unit. 49 00:02:44,160 --> 00:02:45,400 {\an2}On lexical level, 50 00:02:45,680 --> 00:02:48,960 {\an2}these are the basic common rules of Easy Language in a nutshell: 51 00:02:50,080 --> 00:02:52,600 {\an2}Use short, morphologically simple words 52 00:02:52,840 --> 00:02:54,760 {\an2}that are well-known to the target groups. 53 00:02:55,440 --> 00:02:57,240 {\an2}Try to avoid foreign words 54 00:02:57,440 --> 00:03:00,360 {\an2}if you assume that they are not known to the target groups 55 00:03:00,520 --> 00:03:03,880 {\an2}or not regularly used by them in a situational context. 56 00:03:04,680 --> 00:03:07,440 {\an2}Explain expert language terminology 57 00:03:07,600 --> 00:03:09,760 {\an2}that you need in your Easy Language text. 58 00:03:11,440 --> 00:03:14,480 {\an2}Abstain from lexical variation and use the same word 59 00:03:14,640 --> 00:03:16,920 {\an2}for the same concept all through your text. 60 00:03:17,640 --> 00:03:19,400 {\an2}Try to avoid abbreviations. 61 00:03:19,640 --> 00:03:22,680 {\an2}Common short words that are used on a regular basis 62 00:03:22,840 --> 00:03:26,400 {\an2}and are assumed to be known by the target groups can be used. 63 00:03:28,560 --> 00:03:31,560 {\an2}On the syntactic level, we can name following rules: 64 00:03:32,000 --> 00:03:35,760 {\an2}Use only independent clauses and not compound clauses. 65 00:03:36,240 --> 00:03:39,520 {\an2}Transform compound sentences into independent clauses. 66 00:03:40,360 --> 00:03:44,360 {\an2}Transform complex nominal structures into verbal structures, 67 00:03:44,600 --> 00:03:49,320 {\an2}that is, more generally, use verbal style and not nominal style. 68 00:03:50,440 --> 00:03:52,600 {\an2}Keep negation markers to a minimum. 69 00:03:52,760 --> 00:03:56,280 {\an2}Use independent negation markers like “no” or “not” 70 00:03:56,480 --> 00:04:00,360 {\an2}and avoid negation markers that are bound morphemes 71 00:04:00,520 --> 00:04:03,920 {\an2}in words like “unbreakable” and “irresponsible”. 72 00:04:04,320 --> 00:04:07,320 {\an2}Use bold type to highlight the negation marker. 73 00:04:08,040 --> 00:04:10,480 {\an2}Use active voice and not passive voice. 74 00:04:12,200 --> 00:04:16,360 {\an2}Rules on lexical and syntactic level may be partially language-specific. 75 00:04:16,760 --> 00:04:19,960 {\an2}The rules we just presented may be valid across languages, 76 00:04:20,200 --> 00:04:22,960 {\an2}but we recommend that you look into the rulesets 77 00:04:23,160 --> 00:04:24,880 {\an2}for your own language as well. 78 00:04:25,160 --> 00:04:27,240 {\an2}In this unit, we give some information 79 00:04:27,480 --> 00:04:30,080 {\an2}on E2U in the different countries 80 00:04:30,320 --> 00:04:33,040 {\an2}and languages that are part of the EASIT project. 81 00:04:34,360 --> 00:04:37,560 {\an2}Rules on the text level are related to text types 82 00:04:37,760 --> 00:04:39,720 {\an2}and tend to apply across languages. 83 00:04:40,400 --> 00:04:43,400 {\an2}Basic rules on the text level are for instance: 84 00:04:43,600 --> 00:04:45,840 {\an2}Adjust the content to the target groups. 85 00:04:46,160 --> 00:04:48,440 {\an2}Adjust texts to the target situation. 86 00:04:48,600 --> 00:04:50,400 {\an2}Adjust the information structure 87 00:04:50,480 --> 00:04:53,160 {\an2}according to the target groups and target situation. 88 00:04:53,400 --> 00:04:55,760 {\an2}Choose a media realisation that is functional 89 00:04:55,960 --> 00:04:59,480 {\an2}and useful for the target groups and the target situation. 90 00:05:00,960 --> 00:05:03,240 {\an2}Address the target groups directly. 91 00:05:03,480 --> 00:05:05,080 {\an2}Use advance organisers. 92 00:05:05,320 --> 00:05:09,080 {\an2}Advance organisers are short texts in advance 93 00:05:09,280 --> 00:05:11,520 {\an2}that introduce the main ideas of a text. 94 00:05:12,040 --> 00:05:14,320 {\an2}Use subheadings and marginal notes. 95 00:05:14,640 --> 00:05:18,320 {\an2}Use lists for enumerations or information on the same level. 96 00:05:18,880 --> 00:05:21,920 {\an2}Use indentations for explanations and examples. 97 00:05:22,440 --> 00:05:24,640 {\an2}Highlight important information. 98 00:05:24,720 --> 00:05:27,080 {\an2}Use images and visual guidance systems, 99 00:05:27,240 --> 00:05:29,760 {\an2}but adjust them to the needs of the target groups. 100 00:05:30,560 --> 00:05:34,000 {\an2}These were the basic rules of Easy Language in a nutshell. 101 00:05:35,280 --> 00:05:38,720 {\an2}Plain Language is not as strictly normed as Easy Language. 102 00:05:39,120 --> 00:05:40,520 {\an2}It is somewhat more complex 103 00:05:40,720 --> 00:05:42,760 {\an2}with regard to vocabulary and grammar. 104 00:05:43,080 --> 00:05:45,120 {\an2}So to create content in Plain Language, 105 00:05:45,280 --> 00:05:47,200 {\an2}we depart from Easy Language 106 00:05:47,440 --> 00:05:50,280 {\an2}and enrich the linguistic means that can be used: 107 00:05:50,800 --> 00:05:53,600 {\an2}Somewhat more complexity in the vocabulary, 108 00:05:53,760 --> 00:05:55,520 {\an2}somewhat more syntactic variety, 109 00:05:55,720 --> 00:05:58,560 {\an2}for example, simple compound sentences, 110 00:05:58,720 --> 00:06:03,320 {\an2} somewhat less explanations of words and issues in the text. 111 00:06:04,640 --> 00:06:05,920 {\an2}By doing so, 112 00:06:06,000 --> 00:06:09,520 {\an2}we move to the right within the language complexity continuum. 113 00:06:09,680 --> 00:06:12,120 {\an2}How far right we move in the continuum 114 00:06:12,200 --> 00:06:14,880 {\an2}depends on the target group that is being addressed 115 00:06:15,040 --> 00:06:18,960 {\an2}and the target situation for which the content is being created. 116 00:06:19,640 --> 00:06:22,480 {\an2}More information about the language of E2U 117 00:06:22,640 --> 00:06:27,000 {\an2}and its rules will be presented in the video lectures in Element 4. 118 00:06:27,320 --> 00:06:29,600 {\an2}There, we will also give examples. 119 00:06:30,280 --> 00:06:33,200 {\an2}This video lecture has been prepared by Sergio Hernández 120 00:06:33,360 --> 00:06:36,240 {\an2}and Christiane Maaß from the University of Hildesheim. 121 00:06:36,360 --> 00:06:40,000 {\an2}You can reach us at easit@uni-hildesheim.de. 122 00:06:42,080 --> 00:06:44,240 {\an2}The project EASIT has received funding 123 00:06:44,320 --> 00:06:45,800 {\an2}from the European Commission 124 00:06:45,880 --> 00:06:48,280 {\an2}under the Erasmus+ Strategic Partnerships 125 00:06:48,360 --> 00:06:50,040 {\an2}for Higher Education programme, 126 00:06:50,120 --> 00:06:57,320 {\an2}grant agreement 2018-1-ES01-KA203-05275. 127 00:06:57,520 --> 00:07:00,920 {\an2}The European Commission support for the production of this publication 128 00:07:01,000 --> 00:07:03,640 {\an2}does not constitute an endorsement of the contents, 129 00:07:03,720 --> 00:07:06,040 {\an2}which reflect the views only of the authors, 130 00:07:06,120 --> 00:07:08,440 {\an2}and the Commission cannot be held responsible 131 00:07:08,520 --> 00:07:12,240 {\an2}for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. 132 00:07:12,800 --> 00:07:15,280 {\an2}This work is licensed under a Creative Commons 133 00:07:15,360 --> 00:07:19,160 {\an2}Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. 134 00:07:19,760 --> 00:07:21,520 {\an2}Partners of the EASIT project: 135 00:07:21,880 --> 00:07:24,360 {\an2}Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 136 00:07:24,440 --> 00:07:26,880 {\an2}Università degli Studi di Trieste, 137 00:07:26,960 --> 00:07:28,640 {\an2}Universidade de Vigo, 138 00:07:28,720 --> 00:07:31,000 {\an2}Stiftung Universität Hildesheim, 139 00:07:31,080 --> 00:07:32,440 {\an2}SDI München, 140 00:07:32,520 --> 00:07:33,920 {\an2}Dyslexieförbundet, 141 00:07:34,000 --> 00:07:36,000 {\an2}Radiotelevisija Slovenija, 142 00:07:36,080 --> 00:07:37,280 {\an2}Zavod Risa. 143 00:07:44,160 --> 00:07:47,720 {\an2}EASIT: Easy Access for Social Inclusion Training 144 00:07:47,800 --> 00:07:49,240 {\an2}Subtitled by: Dilan Birgin