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Unit 1, Media accessibility

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element 5,
Media accessibility services

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Live subtitling sample 1.

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This video is reproduced
with permission of

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Australian Communications
and Media Authority (ACMA).

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This video includes
a 5-minute long video

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about live subtitling
produced by ACMA

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Australian Communications
and Media Authority.

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The video illustrates how subtitles

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or captions, as they are known
in Australia, are made.

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It focuses on live subtitling
produced by respeaking

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and stenography.

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"Captioning: Behind the scenes".

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This video

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shows viewers

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how captions

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are made.

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Captioning makes TV meaningful.

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At least 1 in 6 Australians

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is hard of hearing.

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Captions are the text version
of speech and sounds.

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They allow viewers
who are hearing-impaired

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or have the sound turned off
to read what's said

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and understand when sounds occur

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when watching TV.

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Let's take a look
at how captions are made.

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Captions are made by people.

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They can be created earlier

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and added to the show as it airs

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or created live

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when the program is broadcast.

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Or captions can be a mixture

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of pre-prepared and live.

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The time when captions are made

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determines whether they appear
in a block

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or scrolled across the screen.

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Live voice technology development
gives the idea

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of it being a mechanical task

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but there's a lot
of human involvement.

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Captioning is harder than it seems.

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People often ask captioners

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if they're really fast typists,
which we all are.

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But mainly in live captioning

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we often do 10 or more things

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at once.

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You listen, talk and read at once

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we must change the colour

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everytime there's a new speaker.

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We also must insert sound effects

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cheering, for instance.

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We move the captions

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to the top or the bottom

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depending on where
crucial information is

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and add punctuation.

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Providing the context is pivotal.

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We type how it's said:
is it a joke, is it serious…

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It's a very dynamic environment.

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There are 3 types of captioning:

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typing, respeaking or stenography.

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Respeaking requires the captioner
to hear what's being said

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and speak into the microphone

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connected to software,
which types out the words.

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The captioner

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will edit the text
and change its colours

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before the text is displayed
on the screen.

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A stenocaptioner uses a steno machine

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to type out the words being said.

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The tool is linked to a computer

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that translates the shorthand

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into readable text.

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A stenocaptioner

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will also edit the text
and change its colours.

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Then, the text is displayed.

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Captioners face challenges:
multiple speakers

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fast speakers

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unfamiliar and complex words

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strong accents and background noise.

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It's not always possible to make

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a timely reproduction of the speech

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without some paraphrasing.

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Why can't Australian broadcasters

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use overseas captions?

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We can use overseas captions

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but they might be incomplete
or unusable.

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Often there are
intellectual property rights issues

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so the files

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can't be transferred.

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The cost and the time

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needed to get the files

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make it cheaper to redo them.

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Why are live captions
used on pre-recorded programs?

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When programs are delivered
close to their broadcast time

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there isn't time to produce

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the captions

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and deliver them in time.

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Captioning can take up to 8 hours

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for an hour of content.

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Can captioners fix errors
if they see them?

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Yes, but it takes time
and can cause delays

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so only important errors
should be fixed.

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Big errors (writing the wrong name

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or the like) will be corrected

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to help understanding.

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Often, little words

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that won't affect the understanding

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we might have to skip

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to keep up with the schedule.

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Viewers can't miss anything.

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We're mindful
of what they can understand.

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That's crucial.

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For more information about captioning

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and the obligations of broadcasters

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and subscription TV licensees
in Australia

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please visit acma.gov.au.

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Credits. Title:
"Captioning: Behind the Scenes".

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Producer: ACMA.

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Year of production: 2017.