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EASIT: Easy Access
for Social Inclusion Training

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This is unit 1, Media Accessibility;

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element 5,
Media accessibility services,

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video lecture "Live subtitling".

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I am Anna Matamala, from
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.

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In this short lecture
I will focus on live subtitles,

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subtitles which are
produced and delivered live.

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This does not cover scenarios

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where a full text of what is going
to be said is available.

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In this case, the subtitles
can be prepared beforehand

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and then they are just sent out live
using a specific software.

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Live subtitles have been
traditionally intralingual

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(for instance, English into English)

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and their purpose has been
to make the source content

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accessible for those
who cannot hear the original correctly.

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Needless to say
that the usefulness of live subtitling

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has expanded beyond this user group.

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However, more recently
interlingual live subtitling

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is beginning to gain ground.

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Live subtitlers are being trained
to produce subtitles

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from a source language A
into a target language B.

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A fine combination of the skills
of interpreters and subtitlers

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is needed in this case.

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I invite you to learn
more about the ILSA project

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(Interlingual Live Subtitling for Access).

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Live subtitles can be produced
through different systems:

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by means of a keyboard

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or by means
of speech recognition software.

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In the case of keyboards,

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there are different ways
of creating subtitles:

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through stenotype, Velotype,
or a standard QWERTY keyboard.

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Stenotype is a specialized keyboard

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that stenographers
use for shorthand use.

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You have probably seen them in court.

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Velotype is a specific type of keyboard
developed in the Netherlands

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specially for live subtitling.

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It allows to create
syllables or full words

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by pressing different keys
at the same time.

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Its learning process
is shorter than stenotype.

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The LTA project (Live Text Access)
focuses on this type of keyboard.

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Please check their website.

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Apart from these specific keyboards,

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you can also use a standard keyboard
in different ways:

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one person takes care of everything;

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two people work together in a tandem,

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or different professionals are
positioned in a circle and take turns,

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going around as they subtitle.

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This is the case,
for instance, for Catalan television.

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Respeaking is another system:

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a professional subtitler repeats,
rephrases or translates what is heard,

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and a speech recognition system
transfers these spoken words

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into written text.

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Respeakers cannot speak naturally,

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they need to dictate the words
in a very specific way

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and also add the punctuation.

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So they would say:

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"I have an important
announcement to make. Full stop."

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Nowadays you can also find software

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that produces live transcripts
and even subtitles:

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Webcaptioner,
LiveCaption, or even Youtube.

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An interesting exercise would be for you

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to check how these different systems
perform in your language.

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The quality may vary
a lot depending on the speaker,

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the audio quality
or the content and the language.

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Live subtitling is used
for live programmes in television,

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but you will also see it very often

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in other live events
such as conferences.

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The professionals
producing the subtitles

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can actually be in the same place
where the event takes place,

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or they can be performing
a remote live subtitling.

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I have seen professionals
based in Canada providing live subtitles

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for an event happening in Switzerland.

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Recorded subtitles
usually appear as a block on screen.

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They are called block subtitles,
pop-on subtitles, or pop-up subtitles.

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They appear on screen as a full subtitle

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and they disappear as a full subtitle.

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In live subtitling
this is not generally the case.

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Very often, live subtitles
appear and disappear continuously,

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they scroll on the screen.

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Once the bottom line is full,
the top line disappears.

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These subtitles
may have up to three lines

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and the subtitles
may appear letter by letter,

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word by word or line by line.

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A variation of this modality
is when subtitles appear continuously,

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but disappear as a block.

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It is also the case,
especially in live events,

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that what is offered
does not have the form of a subtitle,

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but it is in fact
a transcript displayed on a screen,

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either in front of the audience
or on a mobile device.

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These are some basic facts
about live subtitling,

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but there is much more to learn.

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A recommended reading
is Pablo Romero-Fresco's book

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"Subtitling through
speech recognition: respeaking".

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This video lecture has been
prepared by Anna Matamala,

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from Universitat
Autònoma de Barcelona.

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You can reach me
at anna.matamala@uab.cat.

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The project EASIT
has received funding

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from the European Commission

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under the Erasmus+
Strategic Partnerships

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for Higher Education programme,

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grant agreement
2018-1-ES01-KA203-05275.

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The European Commission support
for the production of this publication

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does not constitute
an endorsement of the contents,

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which reflect
the views only of the authors,

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and the Commission
cannot be held responsible

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for any use which may be made
of the information contained therein.

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This work is licensed
under a Creative Commons

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Attribution-ShareAlike
4.0 International License.

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Partners of the EASIT project:

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Universtitat Autònoma de Barcelona,

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Università degli Studi di Trieste,

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Universidade de Vigo,

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Stiftung Universität Hildesheim,

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SDI München,

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Dyslexiförbundet,

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Radiotelevisija Slovenija,

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Zavod Risa.

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EASIT: Easy Access
for Social Inclusion Training