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EASIT: Easy Access
for Social Inclusion Training

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This is unit 1, Media Accessibility;

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element 5,
Media accessibility services,

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video lecture "Subtitling".

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I am Anna Matamala, from
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.

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In this lecture I will be talking

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about the different types of subtitles
you can find.

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Subtitles transfer oral elements
of an audiovisual content

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into written texts, generally
at the bottom of the screen.

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They are displayed
in synchrony with the images.

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This general definition
can be further specified

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depending on the type of subtitles.

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If we take into account the language,

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subtitles can be
intralingual or interlingual.

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Imagine a Swedish movie
is subtitled into Chinese:

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these would be interlingual subtitles.

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Now imagine the same Swedish movie
subtitled into Swedish:

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these would be intralingual subtitles,
same-language subtitles.

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Depending on the number
of languages in the subtitles,

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we can differentiate
between monolingual,

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bilingual and multilingual subtitles.

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Monolingual subtitles
include just one language:

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a Norwegian movie
subtitled into Spanish.

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Bilingual subtitles
include two languages,

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with one line per language
or sometimes two lines per language.

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In Belgium, you can find
subtitles in French and Flemish

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at the same time.

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In some exceptional situations,

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you can even find
subtitles in three languages:

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this was seen in some films
at the Barcelona Film Festival,

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with burnt-in subtitles in English

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and electronic subtitles
in Catalan and Spanish.

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Depending on the main target audience,
one can differentiate

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between subtitles addressed
to those who can hear the content

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and those who cannot hear it.

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Although the term "subtitling
for the deaf and hard of hearing"

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is the one used
for the latter type of subtitles,

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these subtitles are useful
beyond this user group.

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The expected target audience
also allows us to differentiate

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between subtitles for children
whose reading speed may be slower

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and subtitles for adults.

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Depending on the amount of information
they transfer, and how they transfer it,

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one could talk about verbatim,

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condensed and even
simplified or easy subtitles.

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Verbatim subtitles reproduce
the source content literally.

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Although in certain situations,
such as language learning,

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verbatim subtitles may be helpful,

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in other situations
this literal rendering

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makes reading
and comprehension difficult,

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so subtitles need to be condensed,
with some elements omitted.

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This strategy
may also need to be applied

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to the so-called
simplified or easy subtitles,

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where additional
simplification techniques

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may need to be implemented.

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But this will be
the topic of another unit.

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If we consider the aim of the subtitles,

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I see that some have
a translation purpose:

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you don't understand the language,
you need subtitles.

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Others provide access to an audio content
that cannot be heard:

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you don't hear the audio,
you need subtitles.

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But subtitles may be useful
for other purposes:

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as a didactic tool to learn languages,

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as a therapeutic tool for speech therapy,

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or even for fun.

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Have you ever sung karaoke?

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Well, you were reading
a special type of subtitles.

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There are other elements
that can help us classify subtitles.

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Depending on the moment
the subtitles are created and delivered,

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we can find subtitles which are
produced live with no previous planning;

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subtitles which are sent live
but have been prepared previously;

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and subtitles which have been recorded,
after a preparation process.

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There is another EASIT video lecture

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in which we will deal
with live subtitles specifically.

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Depending on the author of the subtitles,

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one can talk about professional subtitles
and amateur subtitles, fansubs.

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It is also possible
to generate subtitles automatically

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by means of speech technologies,

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sometimes with a machine translation
component.

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The position of the subtitles
allows us to talk about subtitles,

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generally positioned
at the bottom of a screen,

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or surtitles, generally found 
in theatres, at the top.

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You can even find "lateral subtitles",
on the side of the screen.

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The way subtitles appear on screen
also makes it possible

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to differentiate between
block subtitles and dynamic subtitles,

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which may appear
word by word or line by line.

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The first type is
usually for recorded subtitles.

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The second type is
usually for live subtitles.

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Still another categorization
distinguishes open and closed subtitles.

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If you go to a cinema and subtitles
are present for all the audience,

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you are watching
a film with open subtitles.

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If you are home and you can
activate or deactivate subtitles,

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you are watching
a film with closed subtitles.

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This broad categorization
makes it clear

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that there are many types of subtitles,

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and each of them
may have their own specificities.

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The next time
you watch subtitled content,

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give some thought
to what type of subtitles you are reading.

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This video lecture
has been prepared by Anna Matamala,

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from
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.

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You can reach me
at anna.matamala@uab.cat.

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The project EASIT
has received funding

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from the European Commission

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under the Erasmus+
Strategic Partnerships

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for Higher Education programme,

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grant agreement
2018-1-ES01-KA203-05275.

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The European Commission support
for the production of this publication

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does not constitute
an endorsement of the contents,

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which reflect
the views only of the authors,

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and the Commission
cannot be held responsible

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for any use which may be made
of the information contained therein.

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This work is licensed
under a Creative Commons

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Attribution-ShareAlike
4.0 International License.

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Partners of the EASIT project:

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Universtitat Autònoma de Barcelona,

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Università degli Studi di Trieste,

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Universidade de Vigo,

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Stiftung Universität Hildesheim,

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SDI München,

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Dyslexiförbundet,

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Radiotelevisija Slovenija,

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Zavod Risa.

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EASIT: Easy Access
for Social Inclusion Training