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EASIT: Easy Access
for Social Inclusion Training

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This is unit 1, Media accessibility;

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element 4,
What is media accessibility?;

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video lecture
"Understanding the audiovisual text".

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I am Anna Matamala, from
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.

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And in this short lecture I will explain
the concept of audiovisual text

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and link it to that of multimodality.

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When we talk about a text,
we often think about a written text:

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a newspaper article, a written essay.

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However, the concept of text
is not limited to the written word.

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One can talk about an "audio text",
about an "audiovisual text",

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even about a "multimodal text".

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Let's focus on the concept
of "audiovisual text",

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which is at the centre
of audiovisual translation studies.

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An audiovisual text

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is made of audio (or acoustic)
elements and visual elements.

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These elements can include
both linguistic (or verbal)

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and non-linguistic
(or non-verbal) elements.

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Non-linguistic sound elements
would include music, sound effects,

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special effects
and paralinguistic sounds,

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such as sneezes,
clicks, cries, coughs, etc.,

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but also silence,
which can be really meaningful.

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These sounds
can be part of the story being told

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known as diegetic sounds

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or may have been added afterwards,
during the postproduction process

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extradiegetic sounds, in this case.

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Imagine someone
is playing the piano in a movie.

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The music is part of the story.

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The characters in the story
hear this music.

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This sound is diegetic.

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Now imagine that in a scene
piano music is added.

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The characters are not hearing
the music because it has been added

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during the film editing.

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This sound is extradiegetic.

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In respect of the sound elements
of a linguistic nature there are:

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monologues, narrations,

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dialogues, polylogues and lyrics.

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These linguistic elements can be

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in the main language
of the audiovisual text

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or in another language,
especially in multilingual productions.

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Among the visual elements
which are non-linguistic,

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we can find images
and all related aspects

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(photography, light, costumes, etc.),

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and visual features
associated with text on screen

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(for instance, the colour, font type
or size of a caption on screen).

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Finally, visual elements
of a linguistic nature

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include different types
of text on screen:

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logos, film credits,
superimposed captions, graphs,

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maps, subtitles, etc.

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Also, written information
which is part of the plot:

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a sign at the entrance of a city,

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an email written on a laptop screen.

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And again, these visual elements
can be diegetic or extradiegetic.

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They can be part of the story
or may have been added

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during the postproduction phase.

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The distribution
of audio and visual elements,

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of linguistic
and non-linguistic elements,

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may change in each audiovisual text.

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Prototypical examples,
such as contemporary Hollywood films,

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will include elements of all types,

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whereas non-prototypical examples
may be lacking one element.

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For instance,
a silent film with intertitles.

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Audio and visual elements can
have different types of relationship:

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the information being presented orally
may be reinforced visually

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or, on the contrary,
the information may be contradictory.

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If you are interested in this topic,

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I recommend you to read
the papers by Patrick Zabalbeascoa.

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In any case, if you are a professional
and work on an audiovisual text

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or if you are a researcher
and want to analyse an audiovisual text,

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there are some questions
that you may want to ask yourself:

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Who created the audiovisual text?

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When was it created?

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Why?

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For whom was it created?

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What type of audiovisual text is it?

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Where and how will
the audience enjoy this text?

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At what stage is it?
Is it finished or not?

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Is it content on the making?

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Replying to these questions
will allow you to better understand

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the source audiovisual text
that you may want to translate

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or render accessible.

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Similarly, you can ask
most of the previous questions

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about the target audiovisual text
that you want to create or analyse.

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Although I have put the focus
on the audiovisual text,

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a key concept
you should also be familiar with

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is that of "multimodal text".

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A multimodal text can be understood
as a text that combines

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more than one mode
in a specific context.

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In this sense, an audiovisual text

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could be seen
as a type of multimodal text.

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But let me posit another example.

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A written text
could be combined with images

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and that would
make it a multimodal text.

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In fact, we could take 
this example a step further

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and make sure that the images
contain alternative written text

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and that the written text is
also available in an audio version.

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Multimodal texts construct meaning

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through the interaction
of different modes.

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Multimodal texts can also be
an excellent way to convey meaning

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through different modes,

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guaranteeing access 
to a wider range of users.

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In any case, always bear
in mind that a text is not only

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a printed paper 
or a digital file with words in it.

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A text here goes
beyond the concept of written text.

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This video lecture
has been prepared by Anna Matamala,

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from
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.

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You can reach me
at anna.matamala@uab.cat.

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Pictures.

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Source: pixabay.com, pexels.com.

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License: Pixabay License, 
Pexels License.

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The project EASIT
has received funding

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from the European Commission

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under the Erasmus+
Strategic Partnerships

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for Higher Education programme,

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grant agreement
2018-1-ES01-KA203-05275.

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The European Commission support
for the production of this publication

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does not constitute
an endorsement of the contents,

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which reflect
the views only of the authors,

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and the Commission
cannot be held responsible

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for any use which may be made
of the information contained therein.

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This work is licensed
under a Creative Commons

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Attribution-ShareAlike
4.0 International License.

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Partners of the EASIT project:

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Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona,

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Università degli Studi di Trieste,

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Universidade de Vigo,

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Stiftung Universität Hildesheim,

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SDI München,

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Dyslexiförbundet,

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Radiotelevisija Slovenija,

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Zavod Risa.

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EASIT: Easy Access
for Social Inclusion Training