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EASIT: Easy Access
for Social Inclusion Training

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This is unit 1, Media Accessibility;

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element 1, Human diversity;

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video lecture, "Human diversity".

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I am Anna Matamala,
from Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona

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and in this short lecture
I will be defining

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some concepts
related to human diversity.

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We are all unique.

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We all have individual differences.

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We can think of human diversity
in terms of major differences

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between groups related to factors
such as ethnicity,

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culture, gender, sexual orientation,

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marital status, first language,

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socio-economic status,

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age, physical and mental capabilities,

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religious beliefs, political beliefs,

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or national origin,
among many others.

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These categories are not always fixed,

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and definitions of diversity
may adopt

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a narrower or a broader perspective.

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I would invite you
to read a chapter entitled

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"Social and psychological
perspectives on diversity",

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by Lilian Otaye-Ebede
and Loliya Akobo.

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It was published in 2020
in the second edition of the book

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"Managing diversity and inclusion",

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edited by Jawad Syed
and Mustafa Ozbilgin.

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The authors explain

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that what unites
narrow and broader definitions

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of human diversity

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is the concept of difference.

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They say, and I quote,

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"diversity can be defined as a variety

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of visible and non-visible differences

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(e.g. gender, ethnic, social class,

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age, religion)

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inherent amongst
individuals and groups.

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However, an evaluation
of extant diversity research

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shows more emphasis
given to social groups

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that have been historically
subjected to discrimination

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such as by gender, age, ethnicity,

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race, disability, sexual orientation

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and hence have been protected
by laws across the globe".

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These same authors provide

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some interesting insights
into four concepts

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when working
with different social groups.

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Let me summarise
these key concepts.

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The first is stereotypes.

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Stereotypes are considered,
and I quote,

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"biased generalisations
about a social group".

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They are related to cognition.

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We learn them in different ways

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(for example,
through communication

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with parents and peers,
through the media)

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and they are difficult to change.

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The authors I mentioned
posit an example that we may decide

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that "children who wear glasses
are geeks, not good at sports"

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or that
"blonde women are unintelligent".

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These are stereotypes.

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The second is prejudice.

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In a classic definition,
Allport defines it

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as, and I quote, "antipathy based

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on a faulty
or inflexible generalization".

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Prejudices are
often based on stereotypes

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and impact on the way

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we communicate
and behave with others,

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on the way we think.

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Given the way we think of a group,
due to a stereotype,

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we develop a negative emotion
towards a social group,

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we develop a prejudice.

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For instance, some people
may dislike or hate someone

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with a certain sexual orientation.

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The third concept
is unconscious bias.

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Without being aware of it,

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we may favour those who look like us

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or share similar values
over others who don't.

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The last concept is discrimination.

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Discrimination is linked to behaviour.

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When people
are treated less favourably,

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because they are linked to a group

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(because of age, physical
and mental capabilities, ethnicity, etc.),

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discrimination occurs.

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This discrimination
can be direct or indirect,

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and can take multiple forms.

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I will refer to two examples
put by Lilian Otaye-Ebede

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and Loliya Akobo in their chapter.

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For example,
when a man and a woman

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are equally qualified for a post,

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the job maybe offered to the male
because most of the staff are men

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and think the man will fit in better.

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This would be direct discrimination.

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Another example would be
when a higher education institution

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does not allow dogs
at all on the premises.

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This can be an indirect discrimination

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against persons
with sight loss with a guide dog.

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Discrimination against people
with disabilities

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is known as ableism or disablism.

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Michelle Nario-Redmon, in the book

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"Ableism: The Causes and
Consequences of Disability Prejudice",

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published in 2020,

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considers that, despite
the many definitions of "ableism",

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it could be simply defined as,
and again, I quote,

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"prejudice and discrimination
towards individuals

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simply because
they are classified as disabled

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regardless of whether their
impairments are physical or mental,

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visible or invisible".

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From a theoretical point of view,
the bibliography is extensive,

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and I am sure you will be able
to find interesting readings

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to get a deeper learning
of all these concepts.

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I would like to finish this video
with reference to two key documents.

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The Universal Declaration
of Human Rights states in its Article 2:

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"Everyone is entitled
to all the rights and freedoms

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set forth in this Declaration,
without distinction of any kind,

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such as race, colour,

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sex, language, religion,

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political or other opinion,

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national or social origin,

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property, birth or other status.

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Furthermore, no distinction
shall be made on the basis

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of the political, jurisdictional
or international status

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of the country or territory
to which a person belongs,

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whether it be independent,
trust, non-self-governing

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or under any other
limitation of sovereignty."

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And I will also quote
the UN Convention

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on the Rights of Persons
with Disabilities in its article 5:

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"States Parties shall prohibit
all discrimination

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on the basis of disability

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and guarantee to persons
with disabilities

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equal and effective legal protection
against discrimination on all grounds".

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I hope this lecture
was food for thought.

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This video lecture
has been prepared by Anna Matamala,

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from
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.

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You can reach me
at anna.matamala@uab.cat.

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Pictures.

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Source: pixabay.com,

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publicdomainvectors.org.

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License:
Pixabay License, CC0.

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The project EASIT
has received funding

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from the European Commission

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under the Erasmus+
Strategic Partnerships

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for Higher Education programme,

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grant agreement
2018-1-ES01-KA203-05275.

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The European Commission support
for the production of this publication

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does not constitute
an endorsement of the contents,

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which reflect
the views only of the authors,

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and the Commission
cannot be held responsible

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for any use which may be made
of the information contained therein.

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This work is licensed
under a Creative Commons

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Attribution-ShareAlike
4.0 International License.

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Partners of the EASIT project:

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Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona,

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Università degli Studi di Trieste,

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Universidade de Vigo,

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Stiftung Universität Hildesheim,

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SDI München,

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Dyslexiförbundet,

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Radiotelevisija Slovenija,

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Zavod Risa.

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EASIT: Easy Access
for Social Inclusion Training