Electronic Tongue Based on Laser-Induced Graphene Electrodes for Monitoring Ions in Aqueous Media
Hensel, Rafael C. (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Departament de Química)
Cetó Alsedà, Xavier (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Departament de Química)
Oliveira, Osvaldo N. (University of Sao Paulo)
Valle Zafra, Manuel del (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Departament de Química)

Data:	2026
Resum:	This work describes the use of a portable 450 nm wavelength laser system to fabricate an electronic tongue (e-tongue) comprising an array of potentiometric laser-induced graphene (LIG) sensors on polyimide. The sensing units were modified with ion-selective polymer membranes for the detection of Ca , Na, and K. The sensors exhibited pseudo-Nernstian behavior, with sensitivities of 32. 7 ± 0. 8, 63 ± 3, and 52 ± 2 mV/dec for Ca , Na, and K, respectively, and limits of detection of 4. 5 μM for Ca , 606 μM for Na, and 66 μM for K. The qualitative response of the e-tongue was evaluated using principal component analysis (PCA), which allowed a clear distinction between monovalent and divalent ions based on the first two principal components. Discrimination among the three ions at concentrations of 20 μM, 220 μM, and 4. 0 mM was achieved using the K-means clustering algorithm, with a silhouette coefficient of 0. 946, close to the ideal value. Quantitative analysis using artificial neural networks (ANNs) was applied to ternary mixtures of the three ions, enabling simultaneous and accurate prediction of individual ion concentrations down to 10 μM. Furthermore, we demonstrate the capability of the e-tongue to provide reliable measurements even at trace ion concentrations in mineral water samples, confirming its suitability for precise and sensitive ion monitoring in complex, real-world applications.
Ajuts:	Agencia Estatal de Investigación PID2022-136709OB-C21 Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación RED2022-134120-T
Nota:	Altres ajuts: acords transformatius de la UAB
Drets:	Aquest document està subjecte a una llicència d'ús Creative Commons. Es permet la reproducció total o parcial, la distribució, la comunicació pública de l'obra i la creació d'obres derivades, fins i tot amb finalitats comercials, sempre i quan es reconegui l'autoria de l'obra original.
Llengua:	Anglès
Document:	Article ; recerca ; Versió publicada
Matèria:	Laser-induced graphene ; Electronic tongue ; Potentiometry ; Sensor array ; Artificial neural networks
Publicat a:	ACS applied nano materials, Vol. 9, Num. 2 (January 2026) , p. 962-971, ISSN 2574-0970

DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.5c04417

10 p, 7.0 MB

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