Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species on Monocyte and Macrophage Biology
Jimenez Trinidad, Francisco Rafael (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Departament de Farmacologia, de Terapèutica i de Toxicologia)
Morini, Sofia (Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore)
Buffon, Armanda (Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore)
de Prisco, Andrea (Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS (Itàlia))
Galati, Greta (Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS (Itàlia))
de Ciutiis, Astrid (Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS (Itàlia))
d'Aiello, Alessia (Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS (Itàlia))
Jiménez Altayó, Francesc (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Departament de Farmacologia, de Terapèutica i de Toxicologia)
Dantas, Ana Paula (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer)
Liuzzo, Giovanna (Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS (Itàlia))
Severino, Anna (Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS (Itàlia))

Data:	2026
Descripció:	31 pàg.
Resum:	Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are central regulators of monocyte and macrophage biology, shaping their survival, differentiation, migration, and effector functions. In monocytes and macrophages, ROS and RNS arise from endogenous sources, such as mitochondria, NADPH oxidases, and myeloperoxidase, and from exogenous stimuli including pathogens, damaged tissues, and environmental oxidants. These reactive intermediates converge on redox-sensitive pathways such as NF-κB, Nrf2/HO-1, mitochondrial ROS signalling, and the NLRP3 inflammasome, thereby integrating metabolic stress with inflammatory activation. Redox balance is a key determinant of macrophage polarization: heightened ROS and RNS production drives pro-inflammatory M1 programs, whereas tightly regulated oxidative signalling supports M2 phenotypes associated with tissue repair and resolution. In chronic inflammatory disorders, notably atherosclerosis, oxidative stress amplifies monocyte recruitment, foam-cell formation, plaque instability, and maladaptive immunometabolic responses. The aim of this review is to recapitulate the major sources and functions of ROS and RNS in monocytes and macrophages and to synthesize current evidence on how these pathways collectively maintain or disrupt immune homeostasis. We further highlight emerging therapeutic strategies, such as NOX inhibitors, mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants, and Nrf2 activators, that seek to restore redox balance and offer promising avenues for the treatment of cardiovascular and immune-mediated diseases.
Drets:	Aquest document està subjecte a una llicència d'ús Creative Commons. Es permet la reproducció total o parcial, la distribució, la comunicació pública de l'obra i la creació d'obres derivades, fins i tot amb finalitats comercials, sempre i quan es reconegui l'autoria de l'obra original.
Llengua:	Anglès
Document:	Article de revisió ; recerca ; Versió publicada
Matèria:	Oxidative stress ; Reactive oxygen species ; Reactive nitrogen species ; Monocytes ; Macrophages ; Atherosclerosis
Publicat a:	Antioxidants, Vol. 15, Num. 3 (2026) , art. 389, ISSN 2076-3921

DOI: 10.3390/antiox15030389
PMID: 41897534

31 p, 3.4 MB

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