Cortical and subcortical brain structure in generalized anxiety disorder : findings from 28 research sites in the ENIGMA-Anxiety Working Group
Harrewijn, Anita (National Institute of Mental Health (Estats Units d'Amèrica))
Cardinale, Elise M. (National Institute of Mental Health (Estats Units d'Amèrica))
Groenewold, Nynke A. (University of Cape Town. Department of Psychiatry & Neuroscience Institute)
Bas-Hoogendam, Janna Marie (Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition)
Aghajani, Moji (GGZ InGeest. Department of Research & Innovation)
Hilbert, Kevin (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. Department of Psychology)
Cardoner, N. (Narcís) (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Departament de Psiquiatria i de Medicina Legal)
Porta-Casteràs, Daniel (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Departament de Psiquiatria i de Medicina Legal)
Gosnell, Savannah (Baylor College of Medicine. Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences)
Salas, Ramiro (Baylor College of Medicine. Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences)
Jackowski, Andrea P. (Federal University of São Paulo)
Pan, Pedro M. (Federal University of São Paulo, Department of Psychiatry)
Salum, Giovanni A. (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul)
Blair, Karina S. (Boys Town National Research Hospital)
Blair, James R. (Boys Town National Research Hospital)
Hammoud, Mira Z. (New York University. Department of Psychiatry)
Milad, Mohammed R. (New York University. Department of Psychiatry)
Burkhouse, Katie (University of Illinois at Chicago. Department of Psychiatry)
Phan, K. Luan (The Ohio State University. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health)
Schroeder, Heidi K. (University of Cincinnati. Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience)
Strawn, Jeffrey R. (University of Cincinnati. Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience)
Beesdo-Baum, Katja (Technische Universität Dresden. Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy)
Jahanshad, Neda (University of Southern California)
Thomopoulos, Sophia I. (University of Southern California)
Buckner, Randy (Massachusetts General Hospital (Boston))
Nielsen, Jared A. (Brigham Young University. Psychology Department & Neuroscience Center)
Smoller, Jordan W. (Massachusetts General Hospital (Boston))
Soares, Jair C. (The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences)
Mwangi, Benson (The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences)
Wu, Mon-Ju (The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences)
Zunta-Soares, Giovana B. (The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences)
Assaf, Michal (Yale School of Medicine. Department of Psychiatry)
Diefenbach, Gretchen J. (Hartford Hospital)
Brambilla, Paolo (University of Milan. Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation)
Maggioni, Eleonora (Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico. Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health)
Hofmann, David (University of Muenster)
Straube, Thomas (University of Muenster)
Andreescu, Carmen (University of Pittsburgh. Department of Psychiatry)
Berta, Rachel (University of Pittsburgh. Department of Psychiatry)
Tamburo, Erica (University of Pittsburgh. Department of Psychiatry)
Price, Rebecca B. (University of Pittsburgh. Department Psychology)
Manfro, Gisele G. (Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. Department of Psychiatry)
Agosta, Federica (Vita-Salute San Raffaele University)
Canu, Elisa (IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (Itàlia))
Cividini, Camilla (Vita-Salute San Raffaele University)
Filippi, Massimo (IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (Milà, Itàlia))
Kostić, Milutin (University of Belgrade. Department of Psychiatry)
Munjiza Jovanovic, Ana (University of Belgrade. Institute of Mental Health)
Alberton, Bianca A. V. (Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná)
Benson, Brenda (National Institute of Mental Health (Estats Units d'Amèrica))
Freitag, Gabrielle F. (National Institute of Mental Health (Estats Units d'Amèrica))
Filippi, Courtney A. (National Institute of Mental Health (Estats Units d'Amèrica))
Gold, Andrea L. (Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School. Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior)
Leibenluft, Ellen (National Institute of Mental Health (Estats Units d'Amèrica))
Ringlein, Grace V. (National Institute of Mental Health (Estats Units d'Amèrica))
Werwath, Kathryn E. (National Institute of Mental Health (Estats Units d'Amèrica))
Zwiebel, Hannah L (National Institute of Mental Health (Estats Units d'Amèrica))
Zugman, André (National Institute of Mental Health (Estats Units d'Amèrica))
Grabe, Hans J. (Site Rostock/Greifswald)
Van der Auwera, Sandra (Site Rostock/Greifswald. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases)
Wittfeld, Katharina (Site Rostock/Greifswald)
Völzke, Henry (University Medicine Greifswald)
Bülow, Robin (University Medicine Greifswald)
Balderston, Nicholas L. (University of Pennsylvania)
Ernst, Monique (National Institute of Mental Health. Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety)
Grillon, Christian (National Institute of Mental Health. Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety)
Mujica-Parodi, Lilianne R. (Stony Brook University. Department of Biomedical Engineering)
van Nieuwenhuizen, Helena (Stony Brook University. Department of Physics)
Critchley, Hugo D. (University of Sussex. Department of Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School)
Makovac, Elena (King's College London)
Mancini, Matteo (University of Sussex. Department of Neuroscience)
Meeten, Frances (University of Sussex)
Ottaviani, Cristina (IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation)
Ball, Tali M. (Stanford University School of Medicine)
Fonzo, Gregory A. (The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences)
Paulus, Martin P. (Laureate Institute for Brain Research)
Stein, Murray B. (University of California, San Diego. Department of Psychiatry)
Gur, Raquel E. (University of Pennsylvania. Department of Psychiatry)
Gur, Ruben C. (University of Pennsylvania. Department of Psychiatry)
Kaczkurkin, Antonia N. (University of Pennsylvania. Department of Psychiatry)
Larsen, Bart (University of Pennsylvania. Department of Psychiatry)
Satterthwaite, Theodore D. (University of Pennsylvania. Department of Psychiatry)
Harper, Jennifer (Washington University. Department of Psychiatry)
Myers, Michael (Washington University. Department of Psychiatry)
Perino, Michael T. (Washington University. Department of Psychiatry)
Sylvester, Chad M. (Washington University. Department of Psychiatry)
Yu, Qiongru (Washington University. Department of Psychiatry)
Lueken, Ulrike (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. Department of Psychology)
Veltman, Dick J. (Amsterdam UMC, location VUMC. Department of Psychiatry)
Thompson, Paul M. (University of Southern California)
Stein, Dan J. (University of Cape Town)
Van der Wee, Nic J. A. (Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition)
Winkler, Anderson M. (National Institute of Mental Health (Estats Units d'Amèrica))
Pine, Daniel S. (National Institute of Mental Health (Estats Units d'Amèrica))

Date:	2021
Abstract:	The goal of this study was to compare brain structure between individuals with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and healthy controls. Previous studies have generated inconsistent findings, possibly due to small sample sizes, or clinical/analytic heterogeneity. To address these concerns, we combined data from 28 research sites worldwide through the ENIGMA-Anxiety Working Group, using a single, pre-registered mega-analysis. Structural magnetic resonance imaging data from children and adults (5-90 years) were processed using FreeSurfer. The main analysis included the regional and vertex-wise cortical thickness, cortical surface area, and subcortical volume as dependent variables, and GAD, age, age-squared, sex, and their interactions as independent variables. Nuisance variables included IQ, years of education, medication use, comorbidities, and global brain measures. The main analysis (1020 individuals with GAD and 2999 healthy controls) included random slopes per site and random intercepts per scanner. A secondary analysis (1112 individuals with GAD and 3282 healthy controls) included fixed slopes and random intercepts per scanner with the same variables. The main analysis showed no effect of GAD on brain structure, nor interactions involving GAD, age, or sex. The secondary analysis showed increased volume in the right ventral diencephalon in male individuals with GAD compared to male healthy controls, whereas female individuals with GAD did not differ from female healthy controls. This mega-analysis combining worldwide data showed that differences in brain structure related to GAD are small, possibly reflecting heterogeneity or those structural alterations are not a major component of its pathophysiology.
Rights:	Aquest document està subjecte a una llicència d'ús Creative Commons. Es permet la reproducció total o parcial, la distribució, la comunicació pública de l'obra i la creació d'obres derivades, fins i tot amb finalitats comercials, sempre i quan es reconegui l'autoria de l'obra original.
Language:	Anglès
Document:	Article ; recerca ; Versió publicada
Subject:	Neuroscience ; Psychology
Published in:	Translational psychiatry, Vol. 11 (october 2021) , ISSN 2158-3188

DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01622-1
PMID: 34599145

15 p, 2.9 MB

The record appears in these collections:
Articles > Research articles
Articles > Published articles