Unveiling alternative quantitative narratives of gender and employment in Southern Europe from 19th- and 20th-Century photographs : from pixels to socioeconomic insights using computer vision techniques
Molina Rodríguez, Adrià (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona)
Pujadas-Mora, Joana Maria 1977- (Universitat Oberta de Catalunya)
Centre d'Estudis Demogràfics

Fecha:	2026
Resumen:	Photographs represent a rich yet underutilized source of demographic and economic information, whose integration can move analyses beyond an illustrative role and foster methodological innovation in historical demography. In this research note, we demonstrate how computer vision techniques can be applied to extract complementary data from non-textual sources, alongside conventional demographic and socioeconomic records such as population registers and censuses, thereby constructing the Photo-BALL database as an extension of the BALL database. For this purpose, we applied image classification, detection, and captioning using deep neural networks. Specifically, from the collection of images preserved in the County Archive of Baix Llobregat covering 1870–2020, we automatically segment regions containing people, which are then classified according to perceived sex and age. Whenever an image depicts a labour activity, it is identified through image captioning, a process that attributes natural language descriptions to photographs. Finally, the year associated with each image is inferred using automated date estimation, which integrates both colorimetric and object recognition features. Combining these three dimensions (sex, age, and activity) with temporal attribution, we constructed a visual census spanning 1870–1970 and compared it with demographic and socioeconomic structures estimated from the BALL database, with particular attention to women’s work. While women’s labour activity is often invisible in official censuses and population registers, which typically recorded only teachers, seamstresses, or domestic workers, in the rare years when female occupation was documented, most women were employed in the textile industry. In contrast, the visual census reveals a diverse presence of women across sectors such as hospitality, healthcare, and sports, highlighting occupational activities that are largely absent from administrative records. In this sense, integrating both types of data provide a more comprehensive understanding of socio-occupational structures, uncovering patterns of labour participation, gendered roles, and household economies that remain invisible in conventional sources.
Ayudas:	Agencia Estatal de Investigación PID2021-128010OB-I00 Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades PID2024-157778OB-I00 Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación PRE2022-101575 Agencia Estatal de Investigación 10.13039/501100011033
Nota:	Altres ajuts: ICREA Academia 2024 (ICREA 00151); European Social Fund Plus (ESF+)
Derechos:	Aquest document està subjecte a una llicència d'ús Creative Commons. Es permet la reproducció total o parcial, la distribució, i la comunicació pública de l'obra, sempre que no sigui amb finalitats comercials, i sempre que es reconegui l'autoria de l'obra original. No es permet la creació d'obres derivades.
Lengua:	Anglès
Documento:	Article ; recerca ; Versió publicada
Materia:	19th-20th centuries ; Census material ; Artificial intelligence ; Computer vision ; Visual census
Publicado en:	The History of the Family, Vol. 31, Num. 2 (2026) , p. 418-438, ISSN 1873-5398

DOI: 10.1080/1081602X.2026.2660747

22 p, 8.7 MB

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Documentos de investigación > Documentos de los grupos de investigación de la UAB > Centros y grupos de investigación (producción científica) > Ciencias sociales y jurídicas > Centre d’Estudis Demogràfics (CED-CERCA)
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