| Abstract: |
With the increasing use of social media, we are also witnessing a perverse effect of the potential of communication via social media; namely, the emergence of phenomena linked to hate speech and gender discrimination. that this new media contributes to fuel and spread. Regarding the definition of hate speech, may vary in different contexts. Following the instructions of ECRI nº 15 we considered hate speech as in any form, of the denigration, hatred or vilification of a person or group of persons, as well as any harassment, insult, negative stereotyping, stigmatization or threat in respect of such a person or group of persons and the justification of all the preceding types of expression, on the ground of "race" (…), colour, descent, national or ethnic origin, age, disability, language, religion or belief, sex, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation and other personal characteristics or status. But more specifically, hate speech has increased considerably in this new communication context against certain groups of the population based on their race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, religious belief, gender or sex. Obviously, not all hate speech develops into hate crimes, but it is rare to find a hate crime without a previous process of stigmatisation and dehumanisation of the victims, resulting in a clear link between hate speech and hate crimes. Moreover, we are witnessing the emergence of far-right communicative strategies that through ideological programmes and hate speech, aim at using the Internet and social media as tools to spread malicious and manipulative information about approaches such as gender theories (gender ideology) and hate speech against women. With this scenario as a starting point of the analysis, the aim of the GENHA project is to identify and examine how hate speech against certain segments of the population, subject to discrimination on the basis of gender, sex or identity, are constantly under attack by a certain type of extreme propaganda. This document aims to reflect the state of the art on anti-gender hate speech in Europe, and in particular in the participating countries of Italy, Hungary, Germany, Sweden and Spain. This state of the art report includes the most relevant literature related to anti-gender hate speech, European laws and public policies, a brief comparison of the legal frameworks applicable to anti-gender hate speech in the participating countries, and the most relevant European case law and national case law on anti-gender hate speech. |
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