Urban-Rural Gradients Predict Educational Gaps : evidence from a Machine Learning Approach Involving Academic Performance and Impervious Surfaces in Ecuador
Santos-García, Fabián (Technological University Indoamerica. Research Center for the Territory and Sustainable Habitat (CITEHS))
Valdivieso, Karina (Technological University Indoamerica. Center for Research in Human Sciences and Education (CICHE))
Rienow, Andreas (Ruhr University Bochum. Institute of Geography)
Gairín Sallán, Joaquín (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Centre de Recerca i Estudis pel Desenvolupament Organitzatiu)

Fecha:	2021
Resumen:	Academic performance (AP) is explained by a multitude of factors, principally by those related to socioeconomic, cultural, and educational environments. However, AP is less understood from a spatial perspective. The aim of this study was to investigate a methodology using a machine learning approach to determine which answers from a questionnaire-based survey were relevant for explaining the high AP of secondary school students across urban-rural gradients in Ecuador. We used high school locations to construct individual datasets and stratify them according to the AP scores. Using the Boruta algorithm and backward elimination, we identified the best predictors, classified them using random forest, and mapped the AP classification probabilities. We summarized these results as frequent answers observed for each natural region in Ecuador and used their probability outputs to formulate hypotheses with respect to the urban-rural gradient derived from annual maps of impervious surfaces. Our approach resulted in a cartographic analysis of AP probabilities with overall accuracies around 0. 83-0. 84% and Kappa values of 0. 65-0. 67%. High AP was primarily related to answers regarding the academic environment and cognitive skills. These identified answers varied depending on the region, which allowed for different interpretations of the driving factors of AP in Ecuador. A rural-to-urban transition ranging 8-17 years was found to be the timespan correlated with achievement of high AP.
Nota:	Ajuts: This research was funded by the Indoamerica University Research Program (grant number: INV-0010-004)
Derechos:	Aquest document està subjecte a una llicència d'ús Creative Commons. Es permet la reproducció total o parcial, la distribució, la comunicació pública de l'obra i la creació d'obres derivades, fins i tot amb finalitats comercials, sempre i quan es reconegui l'autoria de l'obra original.
Lengua:	Anglès
Documento:	Article ; recerca ; Versió publicada
Materia:	Academic performance ; Impervious surfaces ; Urban-rural ; Ecuador
Publicado en:	ISPRS international journal of geo-information, Vol. 10 Núm. 12 (december 2021) , p. 830, ISSN 2220-9964

DOI: 10.3390/ijgi10120830

27 p, 7.7 MB

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