Measuring clinical management by physicians and nurses in European hospitals : Development and validation of two scales - Plochg, Thomas. (University of Amsterdam. Academic Medical Centre-AMC) ; Arah, Onyebuchi A.. (University of California.) ; Botje, Daan (Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research (NIVEL)) ; Thompson, C.A. (University of California.) ; Klazinga, Niek (University of Amsterdam. Academic Medical Centre-AMC) ; Wagner, Cordula (Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research (NIVEL)) ; Mannion, Russell. (University of Birmingham) ; Lombarts, Kiki. (Center for Evidence-Based Education. Academic Medical Center. University of Amsterdam) ; Kringos, Dionne (University of Amsterdam. Academic Medical Centre-AMC) ; Lopez, M. A. (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Institut Universitari Avedis Donabedian) ; Secanell, M. (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Institut Universitari Avedis Donabedian) ; Suñol Sala, Rosa (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Institut Universitari Avedis Donabedian) ; Vallejo, P. (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Institut Universitari Avedis Donabedian) ; Bartels, Paul (Central Denmark Region. Center for Healthcare Improvements. Aalborg University) ; Kristensen, S. (Central Denmark Region. Center for Healthcare Improvements. Aalborg University) ; Michel, P. (Comité de la Coordination de l'Evaluation Clinique et de la Qualité en Aquitaine) ; Saillour-Glenisson, F. (Comité de la Coordination de l'Evaluation Clinique et de la Qualité en Aquitaine) ; Vlcek, F. (Czech Accreditation Committee) ; Car, M. (Dr Foster Intelligence-DFI) ; Jones, S. (Dr Foster Intelligence-DFI) ; Klaus, E. (Dr Foster Intelligence-DFI) ; Bottaro, S. (European Hospital and Healthcare Federation-HOPE) ; Garel, Pascal (European Hospital and Healthcare Federation-HOPE) ; Saluvan, M. (Hacettepe University) ; Bruneau, Charles (Haute Autorité de la Santé-HAS) ; Depaigne-Loth, A. (Haute Autorité de la Santé-HAS) ; Shaw, C. (University of New South Wales) ; Hammer, A. (Institute for Medical Sociology. Health Services Research and Rehabilitation Science. University of Cologne.) ; Ommen, O. (Institute for Medical Sociology. Health Services Research and Rehabilitation Science. University of Cologne.) ; Pfaff, H. (Institute for Medical Sociology. Health Services Research and Rehabilitation Science. University of Cologne.) ; Groene, Oliver (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) ; Kutaj-Wąsikowska, Halina (Polish Society for Quality Promotion in Health Care-TPJ) ; Kutryba, B. (Polish Society for Quality Promotion in Health Care-TPJ) ; Escoval, Ana (Portuguese Association for Hospital Development-APDH) ; Lívio, A. (Portuguese Association for Hospital Development-APDH) ; Eiras, M (Portuguese Society for Quality in Health Care. SPQS) ; Franca, M. (Portuguese Society for Quality in Health Care. SPQS) ; Leite, I. (Portuguese Society for Quality in Health Care. SPQS) ; Almeman, F. (Turkish Society for Quality Improvement in Healthcare-SKID) ; Kus, H. (Turkish Society for Quality Improvement in Healthcare-SKID) ; Ozturk, K. (Turkish Society for Quality Improvement in Healthcare-SKID) ; Dersarkissian, Maral (University of California.) ; Wang, A. (University of California.) ; Thompson, A. (University of Edinburgh)