The costs of subsidies and externalities of economic activities driving nature decline
Reyes-García, Victoria (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Departament d'Antropologia Social i Cultural)
Villasante, Sebastián (Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Economía Aplicada)
Benessaiah, Karina (University of Guelph. Department of Geography, Environment and Geomatics)
Pandit, Ram (The University of Western Australia. Centre for Environmental Economics and Policy)
Agrawal, Arun (University of Michigan. School for Environment and Sustainability)
Claudet, Joachim (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (França))
Garibaldi, Lucas Alejandro (Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural (Argentina))
Kabisa, Mulako (University of the Witwatersrand)
Pereira, Laura (University of the Witwatersrand)
Zinngrebe, Yves (Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (Alemanya))

Date:	2025
Description:	14 pàg.
Abstract:	Economic sectors that drive nature decline are heavily subsidized and produce large environmental externalities. Calls are increasing to reform or eliminate subsidies and internalize the environmental costs of these sectors. We compile data on subsidies and externalities across six sectors driving biodiversity loss-agriculture, fossil fuels, forestry, infrastructure, fisheries and aquaculture, and mining. The most updated estimates suggest that subsidies to these sectors total between US_DOLLAR_1. 7 and US_DOLLAR_3. 2 trillion annually, while environmental externalities range between US_DOLLAR_10. 5 and US_DOLLAR_22. 6 trillion annually. Moreover, data gaps suggest that these figures underestimate the global magnitude of subsidies and externalities. We discuss the need and opportunities of building a baseline to account for the costs of subsidies and externalities of economic activities driving nature decline. A better understanding of the complexity, size, design, and effects of subsidies and externalities of such economic sectors could facilitate and expedite discussions to strengthen multilateral rules for their reform.
Note:	Altres ajuts: acords transformatius de la UAB
Rights:	Aquest document està subjecte a una llicència d'ús Creative Commons. Es permet la reproducció total o parcial, la distribució, la comunicació pública de l'obra i la creació d'obres derivades, fins i tot amb finalitats comercials, sempre i quan es reconegui l'autoria de l'obra original.
Language:	Anglès
Document:	Article ; recerca ; Versió publicada
Subject:	Biodiversity ; Environmentally harmful subsidies ; Externality ; Subsidy reform ; Sustainable finance ; Transformative change
Published in:	Ambio, 2025 , ISSN 1654-7209
Related work:	Reyes-García, V., Villasante, S., Benessaiah, K. et al. Correction: The costs of subsidies and externalities of economic activities driving nature decline. Ambio 55, 473-475 (2026) https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-025-02310-w

Correcció de l'article: https://ddd.uab.cat/record/324148
DOI: 10.1007/s13280-025-02147-3
PMID: 40019715

14 p, 1.2 MB

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