Policy Challenges in Ultra-Rare Cancers : Ethical, Social, and Legal Implications of Melanoma Prevention and Diagnosis in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults
Refolo, Pietro (Research Centre for Clinical Bioethics & Medical Humanities, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy)
Raimondi, Costanza (Research Centre for Clinical Bioethics & Medical Humanities, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy)
Battaglia, Livio (National Agency for Regional Health Services (AGENAS), 00187 Rome, Italy; (L.B.); (A.L.S.); (M.M.))
Borras, Josep M. (Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain)
Closa, Paula (Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (S.M.L.); (L.S.-C.))
Lo Scalzo, Alessandra (National Agency for Regional Health Services (AGENAS), 00187 Rome, Italy; (L.B.); (A.L.S.); (M.M.))
Marchetti, Marco (National Agency for Regional Health Services (AGENAS), 00187 Rome, Italy; (L.B.); (A.L.S.); (M.M.))
López, Sonia Muñoz (Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (S.M.L.); (L.S.-C.))
Perez, Joan Prades (Health Department, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain)
Sampietro-Colom, Laura (Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (S.M.L.); (L.S.-C.))
Sacchini, Dario (Research Centre for Clinical Bioethics & Medical Humanities, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy)

Date:	2025
Abstract:	Background: The ultra-rare nature of melanoma in children, adolescents, and young adults poses significant challenges to the development and implementation of effective prevention and diagnostic strategies. This article delves into the ELSIs surrounding these strategies, placing particular emphasis on the transformative potential of AI-driven tools and applications. Methods: Using an exploratory sequential mixed methods approach, this study integrated a PICO-guided literature review and qualitative insights from two focus groups. The review included 26 peer-reviewed articles published in English from January 2019 to January 2024, addressing ELSIs in melanoma, rare diseases, and AI in dermatology. Focus groups included a March 2024 session in Berlin with 15 stakeholders (patients, caregivers, advocates, healthcare professionals) and a November 2024 online session with 5 interdisciplinary experts. Results: Six key priorities for healthcare policies emerged: addressing cultural factors, such as the glorification of tanned skin; enhancing professional training for accurate diagnosis; balancing the risks of overdiagnosis and underdiagnosis; promoting patient autonomy through transparent communication; reducing inequalities to ensure equitable access to care; and making ethical and legal use of AI in healthcare. Conclusion: These priorities provide a comprehensive framework for advancing the prevention and diagnosis of melanoma in children, adolescents, and young adults, leveraging AI technologies while prioritizing equitable and patient-centered healthcare delivery.
Grants:	Melanoma in Childhood, Adolescents, and Young Adults-MELCAYA HORIZON-MISS-2021-CANCER-02 Melanoma in Childhood, Adolescents, and Young Adults-MELCAYA ref. 101096667
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Language:	Anglès
Document:	Article ; recerca ; Versió publicada
Subject:	Ultra-rare cancer ; childhood melanoma (CHM) ; artificial intelligence (AI) ; Prevention ; Early diagnosis ; ethical, legal and social implications (ELSIs)
Published in:	Healthcare, Vol. 13 (February 2025), art. 321, ISSN 2227-9032

DOI: 10.3390/healthcare13030321

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