Evaluation of Baseline Water Quality Conditions and Episodic Biomass Increases in Lake Villarrica Using Hyperspectral and Multispectral Data
Cartes Esquivel, Oscar David (Universidad de Concepción. Departamento de Geofísica)
Yépez, Santiago (Universidad de Concepción. Departamento Manejo de Bosques y Medio Ambiente)
Velásquez, Germán (Universidad de Concepción. Instituto de Geología Económica Aplicada)
Rodríguez-López, Lien (Universidad San Sebastián (Xile))
Bourrel, Luc (Université de Toulouse)
Frappart, Frédéric (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)
Lozano, Aried (Universidad San Sebastián (Xile))
Saavedra-Passache, Rodrigo (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid)
Gualtieri, Carlo (Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II)
Cristóbal, Jordi (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Departament de Geografia)

Date:	2026
Abstract:	Lake Villarrica, located in southern Chile, is a vital freshwater resource whose ecological status requires continuous evaluation. Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) is a key indicator of phytoplankton biomass and estimating it using satellite sensors enables efficient and large-scale monitoring. This study compared the performance of different empirical models based on reflectance data obtained from atmospherically corrected satellite images using ACOLITE software (Generic Version 20231023. 0), calibrated with in situ measurements of Chl-a collected during the spring and summer seasons between 2014 and 2024. For each sensor, the best combination of spectral bands was selected, and retrieval models were generated using a bootstrapping procedure with 1000 iterations to obtain robust regression coefficients; the final models were defined using the median of these coefficients. The top-performing model for Landsat-8 and 9 was based on a blue-red band combination (R2 = 0. 79, RMSE = 2. 1 µg·L−1, MAE = 1. 2 µg·L−1, n = 74). In contrast, the optimal model for Sentinel-2A utilized green and blue bands, yielding higher precision (R2 = 0. 75, RMSE = 0. 8 µg·L−1, MAE = 0. 72 µg·L−1, n = 112). In general, the results obtained through remote sensing reveal a gradual increase in Chl-a levels over the last decade, reflected in recurrent summer biomass increases primarily along the shoreline near the urban area of Pucón and in the vicinity of the Pucón River inflow into Lake Villarrica. These results support the development of an operational satellite-based monitoring framework for inland lake water quality assessment.
Note:	Ajuts: S.Y. and G.V. are grateful for ANID’s support through the Fondecyt Regular project 1221091. S.Y. was supported by the H2O’Lyon Graduate School and the Collegium de Lyon (Institut d’Études Avancées) of the Université de Lyon during an internship at ENS de Lyon, France (February–July 2026). L.R.-L. thanks Fondecyt Iniciación 2025 Project ANID/11250177.
Rights:	Aquest document està subjecte a una llicència d'ús Creative Commons. Es permet la reproducció total o parcial, la distribució, la comunicació pública de l'obra i la creació d'obres derivades, fins i tot amb finalitats comercials, sempre i quan es reconegui l'autoria de l'obra original.
Language:	Anglès
Document:	Article ; recerca ; Versió publicada
Subject:	Landsat-8 and 9 ; Sentinel-2A & B ; Empirical models ; ACOLITE ; Chlorophyll-a
Published in:	Water, Vol. 18, Num. 10 (May 2026) , art. 1230, ISSN 2073-4441

DOI: 10.3390/w18101230

27 p, 6.0 MB

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