The Robustness of Cellular Immunity Determines the Fate of SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Moga, Esther (Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau)
Lynton-Pons, Elionor (Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau)
Domingo, Pere (Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau)
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona

Fecha:	2022
Resumen:	Two years after the appearance of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the causal agent of the current global pandemic, it is time to analyze the evolution of the immune protection that infection and vaccination provide. Cellular immunity plays an important role in limiting disease severity and the resolution of infection. The early appearance, breadth and magnitude of SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell response has been correlated with disease severity and it has been thought that T cell responses may be sufficient to clear infection with minimal disease in COVID-19 patients with X-linked or autosomal recessive agammaglobulinemia. However, our knowledge of the phenotypic and functional diversity of CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes, CD4+ T helper cells, mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells and CD4+ T follicular helper (Tfh), which play a critical role in infection control as well as long-term protection, is still evolving. It has been described how CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes interrupt viral replication by secreting antiviral cytokines (IFN-γ and TNF-α) and directly killing infected cells, negatively correlating with stages of disease progression. In addition, CD4+ T helper cells have been reported to be key pieces, leading, coordinating and ultimately regulating antiviral immunity. For instance, in some more severe COVID-19 cases a dysregulated CD4+ T cell signature may contribute to the greater production of pro-inflammatory cytokines responsible for pathogenic inflammation. Here we discuss how cellular immunity is the axis around which the rest of the immune system components revolve, since it orchestrates and leads antiviral response by regulating the inflammatory cascade and, as a consequence, the innate immune system, as well as promoting a correct humoral response through CD4+ Tfh cells. This review also analyses the critical role of cellular immunity in modulating the development of high-affinity neutralizing antibodies and germinal center B cell differentiation in memory and long-lived antibody secreting cells. Finally, since there is currently a high percentage of vaccinated population and, in some cases, vaccine booster doses are even being administered in certain countries, we have also summarized newer approaches to long-lasting protective immunity and the cross-protection of cellular immune response against SARS-CoV-2.
Ayudas:	Instituto de Salud Carlos III COV20/00070 Instituto de Salud Carlos III INT19/00036
Derechos:	Aquest document està subjecte a una llicència d'ús Creative Commons. Es permet la reproducció total o parcial, la distribució, la comunicació pública de l'obra i la creació d'obres derivades, fins i tot amb finalitats comercials, sempre i quan es reconegui l'autoria de l'obra original.
Lengua:	Anglès
Documento:	Article de revisió ; recerca ; Versió publicada
Materia:	SARS-CoV-2 ; Cellular immunity ; Vaccine ; COVID-19 ; Helper T cells ; Cytotoxic T lymphocytes ; Severity ; Evasion
Publicado en:	Frontiers in immunology, Vol. 13 (june 2022) , p. 904686, ISSN 1664-3224

DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.904686
PMID: 35833134

21 p, 4.3 MB

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