Exposure to disinfection by-products in swimming pools and biomarkers of genotoxicity and respiratory damage - The PISCINA2 Study
Font-Ribera, Laia 1982- (Institut de Salut Global de Barcelona)
Marco, Esther (Institut de Diagnòstic Ambiental i Estudis de l'Aigua)
Grimalt, Joan (Institut de Diagnòstic Ambiental i Estudis de l'Aigua)
Pastor Benito, Susana (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia)
Marcos Dauder, Ricardo (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia)
Abramsson-Zetterberg, Lilianne (National Food Administration, Uppsala, Sweden)
Pedersen, Marie (University of Copenhagen)
Grummt, Tamara (German Environment Agency)
Junek, Ralf (German Environment Agency)
Barreiro, Esther (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques)
Heederik, Dick (Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht)
Spithoven, Jack (Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht)
Critelli, Rossana (Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM))
Naccarati, Alessio (Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM))
Schmalz, Christina (University of Tübingen)
Zwiener, Christian (University of Tübingen)
Liu, Jiaqi (Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)
Zhang, Xiangru (Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)
Mitch, William (Stanford University)
Gracia-Lavedan, Esther (Universitat Pompeu Fabra)
Arjona, Lourdes (Universitat Pompeu Fabra)
De Bont, Jeroen (Institut de Salut Global de Barcelona)
Tarès, Lluïsa (Institut de Salut Global de Barcelona)
Vineis, Paolo (Imperial College London)
Kogevinas, M. (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques)
Villanueva, Cristina (Institut de Salut Global de Barcelona)

Data:	2019
Resum:	Background: Swimming in pools is a healthy activity that entails exposure to disinfection by-products (DBPs), some of which are irritant and genotoxic. Objectives: We evaluated exposure to DBPs during swimming in a chlorinated pool and the association with short-term changes in genotoxicity and lung epithelium permeability biomarkers. Methods: Non-smoker adults (N = 116) swimming 40 min in an indoor pool were included. We measured a range of biomarkers before and at different times after swimming: trihalomethanes (THMs) in exhaled breath (5 min), trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) in urine (30 min), micronuclei in lymphocytes (1 h), serum club cell protein (CC16) (1 h), urine mutagenicity (2 h) and micronuclei in reticulocytes (4 days in a subset, N = 19). Several DBPs in water and trichloramine in air were measured, and physical activity was extensively assessed. We estimated interactions with polymorphisms in genes related to DBP metabolism. Results: Median level of chloroform, brominated and total THMs in water was 37. 3, 9. 5 and 48. 5, μg/L, respectively, and trichloramine in air was 472. 6 μg/m. Median exhaled chloroform, brominated and total THMs increased after swimming by 10. 9, 2. 6 and 13. 4, μg/m, respectively. Creatinine-adjusted urinary TCAA increased by 3. 1 μmol/mol. Micronuclei in lymphocytes and reticulocytes, urine mutagenicity and serum CC16 levels remained unchanged after swimming. Spearman correlation coefficients showed no association between DBP exposure and micronuclei in lymphocytes, urine mutagenicity and CC16. Moderate associations were observed for micronuclei in reticulocytes and DBP exposure. Conclusions: The unchanged levels of the short-term effect biomarkers after swimming and null associations with personal estimates of exposure to DBPs suggest no measurable effect on genotoxicity in lymphocytes, urine mutagenicity and lung epithelium permeability at the observed exposure levels. The moderate associations with micronuclei in reticulocytes require cautious interpretation given the reduced sample size.
Ajuts:	European Commission 308610 Instituto de Salud Carlos III RD09-0076-00036 Instituto de Salud Carlos III PT13-0010-0005
Drets:	Aquest document està subjecte a una llicència d'ús Creative Commons. Es permet la reproducció total o parcial, la distribució, i la comunicació pública de l'obra, sempre que no sigui amb finalitats comercials, i sempre que es reconegui l'autoria de l'obra original. No es permet la creació d'obres derivades.
Llengua:	Anglès
Document:	Article ; recerca ; Versió publicada
Publicat a:	Environment International, Vol. 131 (october 2019) , p. 104988, ISSN 1873-6750

DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.104988
PMID: 31323486

11 p, 680.8 KB

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