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| Home > Articles > Published articles > Secondhand smoke presence in outdoor areas in 12 European countries |
(Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau) (Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS) (Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau) (Consortium for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES)) (Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau) (Department of Environmental Health Sciences. Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS)
| Date: | 2021 |
| Abstract: | Introduction: Secondhand smoke (SHS) causes morbidity and mortality among non-smokers. Objectives: To investigate SHS presence in outdoor areas from 12 European countries and its association with country-level characteristics. Methods: Cross-sectional study performed in 2017-2018 within the TackSHS project. We conducted a face-to-face survey on a representative sample of the population aged 15 years and older from 12 European countries: Bulgaria, England, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Poland, Portugal, Romania, and Spain. Out of 11,902 participants, 8,562 were non-smokers. SHS presence was assessed in selected outdoor areas and defined as respondents viewing someone smoking the last time they visited each setting within the last 6 months. A ranking score for outdoor SHS presence was assigned to each country based on the SHS presence in each setting. We used Spearman's correlation (r) and the Chi-squared tests to assess the relationship between SHS presence and country-level characteristics. Results: Except for children's playgrounds (39. 5%; 95% confidence interval, CI: 37. 6%-41. 3%), more than half of non-smokers reported SHS presence in outdoor areas: schools (52. 0%; 95%CI: 50. 2%-53. 7%), stadia (57. 4%; 95%CI: 55. 4%-59. 4%), parks (67. 3%; 95%CI: 66. 0%-68. 5%), hospitals (67. 3%; 95%CI: 65. 8%-68. 7%), public transport stops (69. 9%; 95%CI: 68. 6%-71. 2%), bar/restaurant terraces (71. 4%; 95%CI: 70. 2%-72. 6%), and beaches (72. 8%; 95%CI: 71. 4%-74. 1%). Residents in Latvia showed the highest overall outdoor SHS presence rank, followed by Greece, and Portugal. Outdoor SHS presence was directly correlated to the country's smoking prevalence (r = 0. 64), and inversely correlated to the Tobacco Control Scale 2016 overall score (r = −0. 62), the socio-demographic index 2017 (r = −0. 56), and Gross Domestic Product per capita 2018 (r = −0. 47) (p < 0. 001). Conclusions: SHS presence is high in most outdoor areas in Europe, especially in countries with higher smoking prevalence and lower tobacco control performance. To address outdoor SHS exposure, our findings require considering smoking bans along with other strategies to reduce smoking prevalence. |
| Grants: | Agència de Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca 2017SGR1526 Agència de Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca 2017SGR319 European Commission. Horizon 2020 681040 Instituto de Salud Carlos III INT16/00211 Instituto de Salud Carlos III INT17/00103 |
| Note: | Altres ajuts: Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) |
| Note: | Altres ajuts: Italian League Against Cancer (LILT) |
| Rights: | Aquest document està subjecte a una llicència d'ús Creative Commons. Es permet la reproducció total o parcial, la distribució, i la comunicació pública de l'obra, sempre que no sigui amb finalitats comercials, i sempre que es reconegui l'autoria de l'obra original. No es permet la creació d'obres derivades.  |
| Language: | Anglès |
| Document: | Article ; recerca ; Versió publicada |
| Subject: | Tobacco smoke pollution ; Environmental tobacco smoke ; Outdoor ; Smoke-free policies ; Prevention |
| Published in: | Environmental Research, Vol. 195 (april 2021) , p. 110806, ISSN 1096-0953 |
